Cherokee Topics – Page 2 of 53

Establishment of Fort Smith in 1817

In 1817, a military post was established at Belle Point, now Fort Smith, Arkansas, to protect white settlers and the Cherokee from Osage hostilities. Major William Bradford led the detachment tasked with this, supported by Major Stephen H. Long, who surveyed the area. The post was strategically located at the junction of the Poteau and Arkansas rivers, facilitating navigation and trade. Subsequent treaties with the Osage and other tribes led to significant land cessions, shaping early relations and territorial boundaries in the region.

1860 Census West of Arkansas – Creek Nation

1860 Free Inhabitants Creek Nation Page 1

The 1860 census for the Creek Nation, located west of Arkansas, reveals a diverse array of free inhabitants, including Native Americans from Creek and Seminole tribes. This listing indicates that many individuals either renounced their tribal affiliations or were never granted citizenship. Several entries mark those who married Native individuals but were still denied citizenship, suggesting a complex social structure within the community. The presence of individuals identified by racial categories reflects the intricate interplay of identities during this period.

Disbursements to Cherokees under the Treaty of May 6, 1828

An abstract of disbursements made by Cherokee agent George Vashon records payments to 390 Cherokee families, totaling 1,835 individuals, under the fifth article of the 1828 treaty. Between September 1830 and December 1833, Vashon distributed $47,251.75 of the $50,000 congressional grant by War Department drafts, with a slight discrepancy from the actual recorded amount.

Andrew Ayers Martin’s DNA Results

GedMatch Ethnicity Martha Payne Albertson

Andrew Ayers Martin provides an analysis of his DNA results, revealing stable proportions of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean ancestry and a small percentage of Amerindian DNA in his uncle. He shares his family’s long history in Northeast Georgia, including notable ancestors who contributed to local health and military efforts. While he anticipated some Native American heritage, the results predominantly indicate European ancestry, with significant Scandinavian and Southern European components. Martin reflects on his family’s story and the implications of their diverse heritage in the region.

Charlie Whitener’s DNA Results

Charlie Whitener, a member of the Eastern Band of Cherokees, shares his family’s heritage journey, initially believing in strong Cherokee roots alongside Northern European ancestry. His father lived in Murphy, NC, but DNA tests revealed a diverse background, including Southern and Southeastern European origins, North Africa, and possibly Jewish lineage, as indicated by his mother’s H7 mitochondrial DNA. The results from both National Geographic and Family Tree DNA tests showed notable similarities, reshaping their understanding of their ancestry.

Richard Stewart’s DNA Results

Richard Stewart, who believes he has Shawnee or Cherokee ancestry, has taken multiple DNA tests to explore his ethnic background. His tests indicated minimal Native American heritage, with the majority revealing European ancestry. Although he was raised with the belief of having Native American roots, subsequent tests showed consistent results aligning with European heritage. He is seeking more refined testing and hopes to procure additional results from his records to clarify his genetic lineage further.

What Happened to the Sephardic Jewish Colonists?

The post-colonial history of Sephardic Jewish communities in the Southern Piedmont and Appalachians remains largely speculative due to a lack of scientific study. Early Sephardic Jews were integrated into Southern society, often becoming successful professionals and intermarrying with Christians, leading to a gradual assimilation. Key figures, like Francis Salvador and David Yulee, emerged as political leaders. However, over time, many descendants lost touch with their Jewish heritage, possibly relocating to more favorable areas or converting to other faiths. This history contrasts sharply with more documented Jewish experiences in other regions.

Who Really are the Cherokees?

1718 French Map of North America - Detail

In his dissertation, archaeologist Bennie Keel confronted pressures from North Carolina to claim Cherokees had been in the region for 1,000 years, yet he found limited evidence before 1720, suggesting a gap in their historical record. Earlier towns identified in North Carolina and Tennessee often carried Creek or other Indigenous names, indicating possible cultural connections. The historical narrative of the Cherokees’ presence before the 18th century remains elusive, with European maps and archaeological findings contradicting claims of their long-standing habitation in the region.

Cherokee Intermarriage and Enrollment

The Records of this office show: That prior to October 31, 1902, applications were received by the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes for the enrollment as citizens by intermarriage of the Cherokee Nation of the following named persons whose names appear upon the partial roll of Cherokee citizens, approved by the Secretary of the Interior, opposite the numbers following their respective name.

North America Indian Names of Places in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana

The post examines the significance and origins of North American Indian place names in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana, particularly those derived from the Choctaw and Chickasaw languages. It highlights how these names reflect the rich cultural and linguistic heritage of the Native American tribes, while noting that many translations have become corrupted over time. The text provides numerous examples of place names alongside their original meanings, illustrating the deep historical connections embedded in the geography of the region.

Mayhew, Brainard, Elliot, and Monroe Missions

From 1822 until their forcible removal, the North American Indians saw a rise in schools and religious practices, despite being unjustly labeled as infidels and savages. Missionaries, upon their arrival, found the Native peoples to possess moral integrity, respect for property, and a sincere belief in a Supreme Being. They discovered a society rich in virtues, countering misconceptions of savagery. However, the intrusion of white settlers led to the tragic displacement of these tribes from their ancestral lands, marking a devastating shift in their existence.

People and Buildings of the Choctaw Nation

The Choctaw Nation demonstrated a remarkable moral framework, emphasizing respect for elders, integrity, and a deep reverence for their ancestors. Missionaries, such as Cyrus Kingsbury, noted the Choctaws’ eagerness for education and spirituality, leading to the establishment of schools and churches that fostered significant advancements in literacy and practical skills. Despite the challenges of relocation, the Choctaws’ commitment to civic and moral development led to a flourishing educational system, supported by community contributions and the resolute efforts of self-sacrificing missionaries.

Choctaw’s Endurance & Music

The Choctaw, along with the Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Muscogee, trace their origins to ancient migrations from Mexico, possibly linked to the Aztecs. Their legends reflect historical events akin to biblical accounts and geological findings. Renowned for their remarkable endurance, Choctaws faced torture without flinching, viewing patience and resilience as crucial virtues. Their musical creativity was limited, primarily utilizing simple instruments like flutes and drums. Despite a lack of formal restraint, Choctaw youth demonstrated peaceful dispositions, valuing freedom and moral restraint throughout their lives.

The Natchez

On February 11, 1700, explorers led by De Iberville reached Natchez, welcomed by a chief and his warriors. The Natchez were known for their sacred practices, including a temple that housed a perpetual fire and involved ritual sacrifices in times of crisis. Their society was structured around the Great Sun, a pivotal figure in their worship and governance. As they traversed the Mississippi, explorers documented their customs, including festivals aligned with lunar cycles and the poignant traditions of life and death, marking the Natchez as a significant nation in early American history.

The Natchez and the French

The Natchez people faced devastation following the arrival of French colonists in 1716, marked by the establishment of Fort Rosalie. Initial attempts at peace failed due to cultural misunderstandings and disrespect from French leaders like Cadillac and Bienville, leading to hostilities. Despite attempts to negotiate, the Natchez were met with treachery, culminating in violent conflicts and eventual extermination by French forces. By 1733, remnants of the Natchez sought refuge among other tribes, disappearing as a distinct people, victims of colonial aggression and betrayal.

Important Men of the Choctaw Indians

The Choctaw Nation has produced numerous significant figures throughout its history, notably Tush-ka Lu-sa, who valiantly defended his people against Spanish forces. While early documentation is scarce, many leaders have emerged from the 18th century onward, whose contributions to their community deserve recognition. This account aims to honor both the living and deceased Choctaw and Chickasaw men, emphasizing their dedication to improving their people’s welfare and the importance of preserving their legacies as examples for future generations.

The Meeting of Folsom and Nittakachih

The council convened to distribute the annuity ended in chaos, revealing deep-seated animosities between two chiefs, Nittakachih and Amosholihubih, foreshadowing potential civil war. As tensions escalated, both factions prepared for conflict, yet a moment of profound silence arose as Nittakachih approached, signaling a desire for peace. Through dialogue, misunderstandings were cleared, leading to a restoration of friendship and trust, thus averting a civil war. This episode highlights the leadership of Colonel David Folsom and the complex dynamics of the Choctaw Nation during a pivotal moment in their history.

Views on the Choctaw and Fables – North American Indians

In 1723, the Choctaw territories spanned from the Mississippi River to the Black Warrior and included over sixty towns, with an estimated twenty-five thousand warriors. Their fables, known as Shukha Anump, reflect moral lessons, akin to Aesop’s. One fable recounts a turkey and a terrapin, illustrating that arrogance can lead to downfall, as the underestimated terrapin outsmarts the turkey. The author emphasizes that the ancient Indians valued traits like truth, honor, and hospitality, suggesting their readiness for civilization and Christianity, despite skepticism from others.

Memoirs of John Pitchlynn

Peter Perkins Pitchlynn was the Choctaw Principal Chief from 1864-1866

John Pitchlynn was a notable figure in the Choctaw Nation, recognized as a benefactor who integrated into their society by marrying a Choctaw woman and serving as an interpreter for the U.S. government. He gained the respect of both the Choctaws and missionaries through his moral conduct. His son, Peter P. Pitchlynn, became a prominent leader and advocate for education and peace among tribes, notably facilitating a treaty with the Osages. Known for his integrity and leadership, Peter’s legacy reflects the potential for collaborative progress within Native communities.

Missionaries among the Native Americans

Missionaries, notably Rev. Cyrus Kingsbury, began their work among the Choctaws in 1818, establishing the first Protestant mission in the region. Initially met with goodwill, the missionaries faced challenges, including local superstitions, exemplified by the tragic killing of a woman accused of witchcraft. Over time, the missionaries gained the trust of the Choctaws, promoting education and moral teachings. Their efforts led to the formation of schools, churches, and local governance, fostering a significant spiritual and social transformation among the Choctaw Nation.