Algonquian Words
1. Substantives
Spiritual and Human Existence: Terms of Consanguinity: Names of Parts of the Human Frame.
1. God | Manitoo | Gen. xxiv. 26 |
2. Devil | Mannitoosh | Job i. 7. Chepian. Life of Eliot, p. 97 |
3.Angel | English employed. | |
4. Man | Wosketomp | |
5. Woman | Mittomwossis | Gen. xxiv. 8. Job xxi. 9. |
6. Boy | Mukkutchouks | Job iii. 5 |
7. Girl, or maid | Nunksqua | Gen. xvi. 24. Luke viii. 54. Ps. clviii. 12 |
8. Virgin
| Penomp | Gen. xxiv. 16. Job xxxiii. 4. Isa. vii. 14. Mat. i. 23 |
9. Infant, or child | Mukkie | Gen. xxv. 22. Job xxxiii. 25 |
10. Father, my | Noosh | Gen. xxii. 7. Luke x. 21 |
11. Mother | Nokas | Song of Sol. iii. 4 |
12. Husband | Munumayenok | Gen. xxx. 15 |
13. Wife | Nunaumonittumwos | Job xxxi. 10 |
14. Son | Nunaumon | Gen. xxiv. 6 |
15. Daughter | Nuttanis | Mat. ix. 22 |
16. Brother | Nemetat | Song of Sol. xiii. 1 |
17. Sister | Nummissis. Netompas | Song of Sol. iv. 9 |
18. An Indian | | |
19. A white man | | |
20. Head | Uppuhkuk | Mark xiv. 3. Song of Sol. v. 2 |
21. Hair | Meesunk | Lev. xi. 41. Ps. Ixix. 4. Mat. x. 30 |
22. Face | Wuskesuk | Prov. xxvii. 20, xxx. 10 |
23. Scalp | Qanonuhque | Ps. lxviii. 21 |
24. Ear | Mehtauog | Job xxix. 11. Plu. in og. |
25. Eye | Wuskesuk | Job xxviii. 10 |
26. Nose | Mutchan | Job iii. 21. Isa. xxxvii. 29 |
27. Mouth | Uttoon | Job xxix. 9, xxxiii. 2, xl. 4 |
28. Tongue | Weenau | Job xli. 1. Prov. x. 20 |
29. Tooth | Weepit | Job xxix. 17 |
30. Beard | Weeshittooun | Lev. xiii. 30. Isa. vii. 20. |
31. Neck | Kussittspuk | Song of Sol. iv. 4. Isa. xlvii. 4 |
32. Arm | Kuppitanit | Song of Sol. vii. 6 |
33. Shoulder | Wuttukeit | Isa. xi. 4, 6 |
34. Back | Uppusq | Isa. 1. 6. Uppusqantoonk. Prov. xxvi. 3 |
35. Hand | Nutcheg | Job ii. 5 |
36. Finger | Muhpuhkukquaitch | Dan. v. 5 |
37. Nail | Wuhkoss | Dan. iv. 33. Wuhkas. Deut. xxi. 12. |
38. Breast | Wohpannog | Lev. vii. 30 |
39. Body | Nuhog | Luke xx. 19. Mark xiv. 22. My in N |
40. Leg | Wuhkont | Song of Sol. v. 15. Plu. in ash. Prov. xxvi. 7 |
41. Navel | Wenwe | Song of Sol. vii. 2 |
42. Thigh | Wehquaosh | Dan. ii. 32 |
43. Knee | Mukkuttog | Job iv. 4. Plu. in og |
44. Foot | Wuseet | Rev. x. 2 |
45. Toe | Ketuhquasit | Lev. xiv. 25 |
46. Heel | Wogquan | Jer. xiii. 22. Plu. in ash. Gen. in. 15, xxv. 26 |
47. Bone | Kon | Job xxx. 30, xxxi. 22 |
48. Heart | Uttah | Job xxxi. 7. Metah. Prov. xxvii. 23. |
49. Liver | Wusquenit | Lev. iii. 4, ix. 19. Wusqun. Prov. vii. 23 |
50. Windpipe | | |
51. Stomach | Wunnokus | Job xxx. 27. Song of Sol. v. 14 |
52. Bladder | Wishq | |
53. Blood | Musque | Acts ii. 19. Wusqueheonk. Lev. vii. 26 |
54. Vein | Kutcheht | Isa |
55. Sinew | Kutcheht | Isa |
56. Flesh | Weyaus | Gen. xxvii. 3. Job xxiii. 21, 25, xxxiv. 15 |
57. Skin | Natuhquab | Job xxx. 30. My in N |
58. Seat | | Posketteau. Isa. xx. 4. Buttocks |
59. Ankle | | |
War, Hunting and Traveling
60. Town | Otan | Josh. viii. 8 |
61. House | Wekit | Job i. 13 |
62. Door | Squantam | Job xxx. 9 |
63. Lodge | Wunneepogqukkomukqut | Lev. xxiii. 42 |
64. Chief | Ketassoot | Luke xxiii. 38. Song of Sol. iii. 9, 11 |
65. Warrior | Aummenuhkesuenomoh | Dan. iii. 20 |
66. Friend | Netomp | Luke xi. 5, 6 |
67. Enemy | Matwamo | Psalms Ixxiii. 21. Matwoh. Prov. xxvii. 6. |
68. Kettle | Ohkeék | Job xli. 20 |
69. Arrow | Kôhquodt | Job xli. 26, 28. Isa. v. 28. I. Sam. xx. 20 |
70. Bow | Ahtompeh | II. Sam. i. 18 |
71. War-club | | |
72. Spear | Qunuhtug | Job xli. 26, 29 |
73. Axe | Togkuok | I. Kings vi. 7 |
74. Gun
| | |
75. Knife | Quogwosh | Josh. v. 2 |
76. Flint | Qussukquanit | Isa. v. 28 |
77. Boat | Noonshoonun | Acts xvii. 16 |
78. Ship | Kuhtoonagqut | Mark. iv. 36. Acts xx. 38. Prov. xxx. 19 |
79. Sail | Omoquash | Acts xvii. 17 |
80. Mast | Sehoghonganuhtugquot | xxiii. 24 |
81. Oar | Hunkaueehteang | Ezek. xxvii. 6 |
82. Paddle | Wuttuhunk | Deut. xxiii. 13 |
Costume and Decorations
83. Shoe | Mukussin | Luke x. 4 |
84. Legging | Metas | Dan. iii. 21. Plu. in ash |
85. Coat | Hogkooongash | Lev. viii. 7. Mark. vi. 9. |
86. Shirt | | |
87. Breechcloth | Ampauish | Isa. xx. 2 |
88. Sash | Uppetukquobpis | Isa. xi. 5 |
89. Head-dress | Wunasohquabesu | II. Kings ix. 30 |
90. Pipe | | |
91. Wampum | | |
92. Tobacco | | |
93. Shot-pouch | | |
Astronomical and Meteorological Phenomena
94. Sky | Kesukqut | Rev. iv. 2 |
95. Heaven | Kesukquash | Gen. i. 8, 9. Josh. x. 13 |
96. Sun | Nepauz | Josi. x. 12 |
97. Moon | Nanepauz | Josh. x. 12, 13 |
98. Star | Anogqs | Job xxvi. 5. Gen. i. 16. Plu. in og. |
99. Day | Kesukod | Gen. i. 5. Josh. x. 13. Job i. 18 |
100. Night | Nukon | Gen. i. 5. Tibukod. Isa, xxi. 11 |
101. Light | Wequai | Gen. i. 3. Habbakuk iii. 4. Isa. v. 20 |
102. Darkness | Pohkenum | Gen. i. 2. Isa. v. 20. Ex. x. 21 |
103. Morning | Metompog | Gen. i. 5. Isa. xiv. 12 |
104. Evening | Wanunkwook | Zeph. ii. 7. Gen. i. 5, 8, 13, 19, 23 |
105. Mid-day | | |
106. Midnight | Nouttipukok | Acts xvi. 25. Ex. xi. 4 |
107. Early | Nomponeu | John xx. 1 |
108. Late | Mannuchish | Isa. xliv. 6 |
109. Spring | Sontippog | Mark xiii. 28 |
110. Summer | Sequane | Prov. xxvi. 1. Nepun. Gen. viii. 22. Prov. vi. 8 |
111. Autumn | | |
112. Winter | Popon | Song of Sol. ii. 2 |
113. Year | Kodtumog | I. Sam. xxvii. 7, xxix. 3. Isa. xxix. 1 |
114. Wind | Waban | Isa. xvii. 13 |
115. Lightning | Ukkutshaumun | Ex. xix. 16, xx. 10. Dan. x. 6 |
116. Thunder | Pahtuhquohan | Ex. xix. 16, xx. 18 |
117. Rain | Sokanon | Job xxix. 23 |
118. Snow | Koon | Job xxvi. 1, vi. 16 |
119. Hail | Kussegin | Rev. xi, 19 |
Geographical Terms
120. Fire | Nootae | Isa. ix. 5 |
121. Water | Nippe | Prov. xxii. 19 |
122. Ice | Kuppad | Job vi. 16 |
123. Earth | Ohke | Job xxxviii. 4 |
124. Sea | Kehtahhanit | Prov. xxx. 19 |
125. Lake | Nepissepag | Luke viii. 23, 33 |
126. River | Sepu | Job xxvii. 10. Seip. Gen. ii. 10 |
127. Spring | Tohkekom | Song of Sol. iv. 12, 15 |
128. Stream | | |
129. Valley | Ooneuhkoi | Josh. viii. 11, x. 12 |
130. Hill | Wudchuemes | Isa. xli. 2 |
131. Mountain | Wudchue | Job xxxix. 8 |
132. Plain | | |
133. Forest | Mehtugquehkontu | xliv. 14 |
134. Meadow | Moquashqut | Gen. xix. 17 |
135. Bog | Neppissipagwash | Isa. xiv. 23 |
136. Island | Menohhannet | Isa. xli. 1, 2 |
Metals and the Mineral Kingdom
137. Stone | Qussuk | Prov. xxvii. 3 |
138. Rock | Qussuk | |
139. Silver | | |
140. Copper | | |
141. Iron | Missechuag | Prov. xxvii. 17 |
142. Lead | Ma Muttattag | Zach. v. 7, 8. Mahmuttattag |
143. Gold | | |
Horticulture and Agriculture
144. Maize, or corn | | |
145. Wheat. | | |
146. Oats | | |
147. Potatoe | | |
148. Turnip | | |
149. Pea | | |
150. Rye | | |
151. Bean | | |
152. Melon | Monaskootasquash | Lev. xi. 5 |
153. Squash | | |
154. Barley | | |
Botanical Terms and Vegetable Kingdom
155. Tree | Mehtug | Job xl. 21, 22, xv. 7 |
156. Log | Uhtukq | |
157. Limb | Wuttuk | Zach. vi. 12. Isa. x. 39 |
158. Wood | Uhtugquse | Song of Sol. iii. 9 |
159. Post | Nepattunkquon | Isa. vi. 4. Post of a door |
160. Stump | Wequanunk | Dan. iv. 15, 23, 26 |
161. Pine | Qunonuhqua | Isa. xiv. 8. Fir-tree |
162. Oak | Nootimes | Isa. vi. 13, i. 30, xliv. 14 |
163. Ash | Monunksoh | Isa. xliv. 14 |
164. Elm | | |
165. Basswood | | |
166. Shrub | | |
167. Leaf | Oneep | Isa. i. 30 |
168. Bark | | |
169. Grass | Moskehtti | Gen. i. Prov. xxii. 25. Ex. vi. 10 |
170. Hay | Moskehtu | Isa. xlii. 4 |
171. Nettle | Koussuk | Isa. v. 6. Brier |
172. Thistle | Taskookau | |
173. Weed | | |
174. Flower | Peshaun | Song of Sol. ii. 12 |
175. Rose | Peshaun | |
176. Lily | Peshaun | Luke xx. 27. Mat. vi. 38 |
General Articles of Food
177. Bread | Petukquannuk | Job xxxiii. 20. Lev. xxiv. 5. Eccl. xi. 1 |
178. Indian-meal | Nokehick | Eliot s Life, p. 79, ed. of 1691 |
179. Flour | Nọokkik | I. Sam. xxviii. 24 |
180. Meat | Weyaus. Meetsuonk | Job xxxiv. 3 |
181. Fat | Wees | Lev. iii. 3 |
Native Quadrupeds
182. Beaver | | |
183. Deer | Ahtuh | Song of Sol. ii. 9 |
184. Bison, or Buffalo | | |
185. Bear | Mosq. | Prov. xvii. 12 |
186. Elk | | |
187. Moose | | |
188. Otter | | |
189. Fox | Wonkussiss | Song of Sol. ii. 15. Dim. in emes. Plu. in og |
190. Wolf | Mukquooshim | Isa. xlv. 25. Query plu. in im |
191. Dog | Anum | I. Sam. ix. 8 |
192. Squirrel | | |
193. Hare | Ogkoshku | Prov. xxx. 26. Coney |
194. Lynx | | |
195. Panther | | |
196. Muskrat | Mishahpohquas | Isa. Ixvi. 17. Mouse. Lev. xi. 29 |
197. Mink | | |
198. Fisher | | |
199. Martin | | |
200. Mole | Mameechomit | Lev. xi. 80 |
201. Polecat | | |
Domestic Animals Introduced at the Discovery
202. Hog | | |
203. Horse | | |
204. Cow | | |
205. Sheep | | |
Reptiles, Insects, Etc.
206. Turtle, or Tortoise | Toonuppas | Lev. xi. 29. Plu. in og |
207. Toad | Tinnogkooqus | Ex. viii. 2. Plu. in og |
208. Snake | Askook | Job xxvi. 13. Eccl. x. 2 |
209. Lizard | | |
210. Worm | Oohqua | Isa. xiv. 11. Plu. in og |
211. Insect | Monitŏs | Plu. in ug |
212. Fly | Ochaas | |
213. Wasp | Amo | Plu. in og |
214. Ant | Aununnekqs | Prov. xxx. 25, vi. 6 |
Birds and Ornithology Generally
215. Bird | Psukses | Job xli. 5. Prov. xxvii. 8 |
216. Egg | Woou | Job vi. 6. Woan. Isa. x. 14. Deut. xx. 6 |
217. Feather | Unnokon | |
218. Claw | Ookossa | Isa. v. 28. Dan. iv. 23 |
219. Beak | | |
220. Wing | Nuppohwun | Isa. vi. 2 |
221. Goose | | |
222. Duck | | |
223. Swan | Wequash | Lev. xi. 18 |
224. Partridge | Pohpohkussu | I. Sam. xxvi. 20 |
225. Pigeon | Nunneem | Lev. xv. 6 |
226. Plover | | |
227. Woodcock | | |
228. Turkey | | |
229. Crow | Weenont | Lev. xi. 15 |
230. Raven | Konkontu | Job xxxviii. 41. Song of Sol. v. 1. Gen. viii. 7 |
231. Robin | | |
232. Eagle | Wompisik | Lev. xi. 13. Isa. xl. 31 |
233. Hawk | Quanon | Lev. xi. 16 |
234. Snipe | | |
235. Owl | Kookookhau | Job xxx. 29. Isa. xiii. 21 |
236. Woodpecker | | |
Fishes and Objects in Ichthyology
237. Fish | Namohs | Hab. i. 14. Luke xi. 11. Mat. xxxiv. 4 |
238. Trout | | |
239. Bass | | |
240. Sturgeon | | |
241. Sunfish | | |
242. Pike | | |
243. Catfish | | |
244. Perch | | |
245. Sucker | | |
246. Minnow | | |
247. Fin | Wapwekaneg | Lev. xi. 10. Phi. in ig |
248. Scale | Wohhokgieg | Lev. xi. 10. Plu. in ig |
249. Roe | | |
Algonquian Adjectives
In the Algonquin group of languages, the adjective is furnished with a transitive inflection, to denote the class of the object, of the quality of which it is intended to speak; and these transitive forms are the simplest, in which all words denoting the properties and qualities of bodies are orally found to exist. In that language, the two classes of objects which impose rules of construction upon the speaker, in the use of adjectives, are those possessing and those wanting life or vitality, The adjective roots or primitive forms of the adjective, are therefore always encumbered with a transitive inflection, to make certain to the hearer the precise class of objects spoken of. Thus, waub is the root-form of white. Ish or ishk, is a declarative particle, but if it be intended to describe a white person, the particle izzie is added; if a white inanimate substance, the particle is changed to au. Denote whether this mode or any analogous one exists in the language of which you furnish a vocabulary.
250. White | Wompi | Mat v. 36 |
251. Black | Mooi | Song of Sol. i. 5 |
252. Red | Musqua | Isa. Ixviii. 7 |
253. Green | Ashkoshqui | Song of Sol. v. 16 |
254. Blue | Oonôag | Ex. xxxix. 1, 2 |
255. Yellow | Wesôag | Ps. Ixviii. 13 |
256. Great | Missi | Luke x. 2 |
257. Small | Peasi | II. Sam. xii. 8. Hag. i. 9 |
258. Strong | Menuhkesu | II. Sam. iii. 1. John ii. 14 |
259. Weak | Noochumwis | II. Sam. iii. 1. Isa. xvi. 10 |
260. Old | Kutchis | Isa. xx. 4 |
261. Young | Wuske | Rev. v. 9. Lev. xxii. 20. Isa. vii. 21 |
262. Good | Wunnegen | Isa. v. 20. Gen. i. 4 |
263. Bad | Matchet | Isa. v. 20 |
264. Handsome | Noonet | Song of Sol. i. 14 |
265. Ugly | | |
266. Alive | Pamotog | Luke xxiv. 5 |
267. Dead | Nuppuk | Luke xxiv. 5 |
268. Life | Pemoantooonk | Isa. xliii. 4. Sub. in onk |
269. Death | Nuppoonk | Prov. vii. 27. Sub. in onk |
270. Cold | Kussopeu | Rev. iii. 15 |
271. Cold | Sonquesea | Rev. iii. 15 |
272. Sour | Seog | Prov. x. 26 |
273. Sweet | Weekon | Eccl. xi. 7. Isa. v. 20 |
274. Pepper | | |
275. Salt | | |
276. Bitter | Wesogk | Rev. x. 10. Isa. v. 10 |
In giving these examples, the substantive forms, Nos. 268, 269, and 274, 275, are given in immediate connection with the adjective, for obvious reasons.
Pronouns, Personal and Relative
The genius of the Indian language, to which reference has been above made, which requires that adjectives should have a transitive inflection, also imposes a similar rule of transition on the pro nouns, which are perpetually required to show whether the class of objects to which they apply be animate or inanimate. It is the succedaneum for gender; and there is, as a consequence of so general a principle having been taken, no concord required in that class of languages, to denote the masculine and feminine. State whether the personal, relative, or demonstrative pronouns, be transitive or intransitive.
277. I | Nen | Job xxxiv. 33 |
278. Thou | Ken | Josh. x. 12 |
279. He | W | |
280 She | W | |
281. They | | |
282 Ye | Keneau | Luke xxii. 20 |
283. We, including We, excluding | | |
284. We, excluding the person addressed | Nenawun | Isa. xvi. 10 |
285. This person, or animate being
This object or thing (inanimate) | Yeuoh | Mat. xxi. 10, 11 |
286. That person or animated being
That object or thing (inanimate) | | |
287. These persons or animated beings
These objects or things (inanimate) | | |
288. Those persons or animated beings
Those objects or things | | |
289. All | Wame | Mark xiv. 29 |
290. Part | | |
291. Who | Howan | Mat. xxi. 10. Luke viii. 45, 46 |
292. What
What person
What thing | | |
293. Which person
Which thing | | |
Adverbs
294. Near | Pasoo | Mark xiii. 28, 29 |
295. Far off | Noondtit | Isa. xlvi. 13, xlix. 1 |
296. Today | Kesbukuk | II. Kings xxviii. 6 |
297. Tomorrow | Mohtompog | I. Sam. xxxi. 8. Saup. Ex. viii. 10 |
298. Yesterday | | |
299. By and by | | |
300. Yes | Nux | Mat. xvii. 25 |
301. No | Matta | John. vii. 12. Mat. v. 37 |
302. Perhaps | | |
303. Never | | |
304. Forever | Mitcheme | Isa. xxvi. 4, xxxiv. 10. Mat. vi, 13 |
Prepositions and Prepositional Terms
305. Above | Waabe | Isa. vi. 2 |
306. Under | | |
307. Within | | |
308. Without | | |
309. Something–n | | |
310. Nothing n | Matteag | Luke xxii. 35. Isa. xl. 17 |
311. On | Ohta | Lev. viii. 30 |
312. In | | |
313. By | | |
314. Through | | |
315. In the sky | | |
316. On the tree | | |
317. In the house | | |
318. By the shore | | |
319. Through the water | | |
Verbs
The simplest form of the Indian verb which has been found orally to exist in the languages examined, is the third person singular, present tense, of the indicative mood. The infinitive is only to be established by dissection. If this rule prevails in the language known to you, the equivalents of the verbs to eat, to drink, &c., will be understood to mean, he eats, he drinks, &c., unless it be otherwise denoted.
320. To eat | Meetch | Job xxxi. 8. Mark viii. 2, 8 |
321. To drink | Wuttat | Isa. v. 22 |
322. To laugh | Haha | Eccl. 18, 12 |
323. To cry | Mauoo | Luke viii. 52. Eccl. iii. 4 |
324. To love | Womon | Song of Sol. ii. 9 |
325. To burn | Chikosw | Lev. iv. 12 |
326. To walk | Papaum | Zach. vi. 7 |
327. To run | Kenoos | Zach. ii. 4 |
328. To see | Naush | Rev. vi. 3 |
329. To hear | Noota | Luke viii. 8. Gen. iii. 8 |
330. To speak | Noowa | Zach. ii. 4 |
331. To strike | Nuttogkom | Jer. xxi. 6 |
332. To think | Mehquontam | Isa. xlii. 18 |
333. To wish | | |
334. To call | Wehkom | Isa. Iv. 5, 6 |
335. To live | Kuppamantam | Isa. xliii. 4 |
336. To go | Monchek | I. Sam. xxix. 10 |
337. To sing | Nukketoo | Isa. v. 1 |
338. To dance | Pumukom | Eccl. iii. 6 |
339. To die | Nuppoo | Gen. xxv. 8 |
340. To tie | Upponam | Ex. xxxix. 31 |
341. To kill | Neshehteam | Eccl. iii. 3 |
342. To embark | | |
Participles
343. Eating | | |
344. Drinking | | |
345. Laughing | | |
346. Crying | | |
Substantive-Verb
347. To be, or to exist | | |
348. You are | | |
349. He is | | |
350. I am that I am | Nen Nuttinnien Nen Nuttinnien | Ex. iii. 14 |
- Analogy and examples denote that there are no elementary participles in the aboriginal tongues, but that the sense of the equivalents generally returned, is, he (is) eating (is) drinking, &c.
- Conjugations are effected in the Indian languages, by tensal inflections of the pronouns and verbs. The entire absence of auxiliary verbs in the languages was observed at an early period. The Indian who is constantly in the habit of saying, I sick I well I glad I sorry was naturally supposed to speak a language, which, however rich in its inflections and power of description, had no word or radical particle to denote abstract existence. Such does not, however, appear to be the case in the Algonquin, from a scrutiny of some of the Scripture translations which have been received, and a comparison with their vocabularies. But the subject still requires examination. So far as can be judged, the term for abstract existence is of very limited use, and never, in any case, appears to be employed to express passion, emotion, suffering, or enjoyment. In this view, the forms No. 348, 349, are added. It is apprehended that no precise equivalent for 350 the test phrase proposed by Mr. Duponceau for the verb can be given. In the Algonquin, however, the phrase Nin dow iau Iaun has been rendered literally, I (the ) body I am. The whole question turning upon the primary meaning of the root-form IAU or IAH.
Citations:
Collection:
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. Archives of aboriginal knowledge. Containing all the original paper laid before Congress respecting the history, antiquities, language, ethnology, pictography, rites, superstitions, and mythology, of the Indian tribes of the United States. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1860.