Algonquian Language

Algonquian Words

1. Substantives

Spiritual and Human Existence: Terms of Consanguinity: Names of Parts of the Human Frame.

1. God	Manitoo	Gen. xxiv. 26
2. Devil	Mannitoosh	Job i. 7.  Chepian. Life of Eliot, p. 97
3.Angel	English employed.
4. Man	Wosketomp
5. Woman	Mittomwossis	Gen. xxiv. 8. Job xxi. 9.
6. Boy	Mukkutchouks	Job iii. 5
7. Girl, or maid	Nunksqua	Gen. xvi. 24. Luke viii. 54. Ps. clviii. 12
8. Virgin 1	Penomp	Gen. xxiv. 16. Job xxxiii. 4. Isa. vii. 14. Mat. i. 23
9. Infant, or child	Mukkie	Gen. xxv. 22. Job xxxiii. 25
10. Father, my	Noosh	Gen. xxii. 7. Luke x. 21
11. Mother	Nokas	Song of Sol. iii. 4
12. Husband	Munumayenok	Gen. xxx. 15
13. Wife	Nunaumonittumwos	Job xxxi. 10
14. Son	Nunaumon	Gen. xxiv. 6
15. Daughter	Nuttanis	Mat. ix. 22
16. Brother	Nemetat	Song of Sol. xiii. 1
17. Sister	Nummissis. Netompas	Song of Sol. iv. 9
18. An Indian
19. A white man
20. Head	Uppuhkuk	Mark xiv. 3. Song of Sol. v. 2
21. Hair	Meesunk	Lev. xi. 41. Ps. Ixix. 4. Mat. x. 30
22. Face	Wuskesuk	Prov. xxvii. 20, xxx. 10
23. Scalp	Qanonuhque	Ps. lxviii. 21
24. Ear	Mehtauog	Job xxix. 11. Plu. in og.
25. Eye	Wuskesuk	Job xxviii. 10
26. Nose	Mutchan	Job iii. 21. Isa. xxxvii. 29
27. Mouth	Uttoon	Job xxix. 9, xxxiii. 2, xl. 4
28. Tongue	Weenau	Job xli. 1. Prov. x. 20
29. Tooth	Weepit	Job xxix. 17
30. Beard	Weeshittooun	Lev. xiii. 30. Isa. vii. 20.
31. Neck	Kussittspuk	Song of Sol. iv. 4. Isa. xlvii. 4
32. Arm	Kuppitanit	Song of Sol. vii. 6
33. Shoulder	Wuttukeit	Isa. xi. 4, 6
34. Back	Uppusq	Isa. 1. 6. Uppusqantoonk. Prov. xxvi. 3
35. Hand	Nutcheg	Job ii. 5
36. Finger	Muhpuhkukquaitch	Dan. v. 5
37. Nail	Wuhkoss	Dan. iv. 33. Wuhkas. Deut. xxi. 12.
38. Breast	Wohpannog	Lev. vii. 30
39. Body	Nuhog	Luke xx. 19. Mark xiv. 22. My in N
40. Leg	Wuhkont	Song of Sol. v. 15. Plu. in ash. Prov. xxvi. 7
41. Navel	Wenwe	Song of Sol. vii. 2
42. Thigh	Wehquaosh	Dan. ii. 32
43. Knee	Mukkuttog	Job iv. 4. Plu. in og
44. Foot	Wuseet	Rev. x. 2
45. Toe	Ketuhquasit	Lev. xiv. 25
46. Heel	Wogquan	Jer. xiii. 22. Plu. in ash. Gen. in. 15, xxv. 26
47. Bone	Kon	Job xxx. 30, xxxi. 22
48. Heart	Uttah	Job xxxi. 7. Metah. Prov. xxvii. 23.
49. Liver	Wusquenit	Lev. iii. 4, ix. 19. Wusqun. Prov. vii. 23
50. Windpipe
51. Stomach	Wunnokus	Job xxx. 27. Song of Sol. v. 14
52. Bladder	Wishq
53. Blood	Musque	Acts ii. 19. Wusqueheonk. Lev. vii. 26
54. Vein	Kutcheht	Isa
55. Sinew	Kutcheht	Isa
56. Flesh	Weyaus	Gen. xxvii. 3. Job xxiii. 21, 25, xxxiv. 15
57. Skin	Natuhquab	Job xxx. 30. My in N
58. Seat		Posketteau. Isa. xx. 4. Buttocks
59. Ankle

War, Hunting and Traveling

60. Town	Otan	Josh. viii. 8
61. House	Wekit	Job i. 13
62. Door	Squantam	Job xxx. 9
63. Lodge	Wunneepogqukkomukqut	Lev. xxiii. 42
64. Chief	Ketassoot	Luke xxiii. 38. Song of Sol. iii. 9, 11
65. Warrior	Aummenuhkesuenomoh	Dan. iii. 20
66. Friend	Netomp	Luke xi. 5, 6
67. Enemy	Matwamo	Psalms Ixxiii. 21. Matwoh. Prov. xxvii. 6.
68. Kettle	Ohkeék	Job xli. 20
69. Arrow	Kôhquodt	Job xli. 26, 28. Isa. v. 28. I. Sam. xx. 20
70. Bow	Ahtompeh	II. Sam. i. 18
71. War-club
72. Spear	Qunuhtug	Job xli. 26, 29
73. Axe	Togkuok	I. Kings vi. 7
74. Gun 2
75. Knife	Quogwosh	Josh. v. 2
76. Flint	Qussukquanit	Isa. v. 28
77. Boat	Noonshoonun	Acts xvii. 16
78. Ship	Kuhtoonagqut	Mark. iv. 36. Acts xx. 38. Prov. xxx. 19
79. Sail	Omoquash	Acts xvii. 17
80. Mast	Sehoghonganuhtugquot	xxiii. 24
81. Oar	Hunkaueehteang	Ezek. xxvii. 6
82. Paddle	Wuttuhunk	Deut. xxiii. 13

Costume and Decorations

83. Shoe	Mukussin	Luke x. 4
84. Legging	Metas	Dan. iii. 21. Plu. in ash
85. Coat	Hogkooongash	Lev. viii. 7. Mark. vi. 9.
86. Shirt
87. Breechcloth	Ampauish	Isa. xx. 2
88. Sash	Uppetukquobpis	Isa. xi. 5
89. Head-dress	Wunasohquabesu	II. Kings ix. 30
90. Pipe
91. Wampum
92. Tobacco
93. Shot-pouch

Astronomical and Meteorological Phenomena

94. Sky	Kesukqut	Rev. iv. 2
95. Heaven	Kesukquash	Gen. i. 8, 9. Josh. x. 13
96. Sun	Nepauz	Josi. x. 12
97. Moon	Nanepauz	Josh. x. 12, 13
98. Star	Anogqs	Job xxvi. 5. Gen. i. 16. Plu. in og.
99. Day	Kesukod	Gen. i. 5. Josh. x. 13. Job i. 18
100. Night	Nukon	Gen. i. 5. Tibukod. Isa, xxi. 11
101. Light	Wequai	Gen. i. 3. Habbakuk iii. 4. Isa. v. 20
102. Darkness	Pohkenum	Gen. i. 2. Isa. v. 20. Ex. x. 21
103. Morning	Metompog	Gen. i. 5. Isa. xiv. 12
104. Evening	Wanunkwook	Zeph. ii. 7. Gen. i. 5, 8, 13, 19, 23
105. Mid-day
106. Midnight	Nouttipukok	Acts xvi. 25. Ex. xi. 4
107. Early	Nomponeu	John xx. 1
108. Late	Mannuchish	Isa. xliv. 6
109. Spring	Sontippog	Mark xiii. 28
110. Summer	Sequane	Prov. xxvi. 1. Nepun. Gen. viii. 22. Prov. vi. 8
111. Autumn
112. Winter	Popon	Song of Sol. ii. 2
113. Year	Kodtumog	I. Sam. xxvii. 7, xxix. 3. Isa. xxix. 1
114. Wind	Waban	Isa. xvii. 13
115. Lightning	Ukkutshaumun	Ex. xix. 16, xx. 10. Dan. x. 6
116. Thunder	Pahtuhquohan	Ex. xix. 16, xx. 18
117. Rain	Sokanon	Job xxix. 23
118. Snow	Koon	Job xxvi. 1, vi. 16

119. Hail

Kussegin

Rev. xi, 19

Geographical Terms

120. Fire	Nootae	Isa. ix. 5
121. Water	Nippe	Prov. xxii. 19
122. Ice	Kuppad	Job vi. 16
123. Earth	Ohke	Job xxxviii. 4
124. Sea	Kehtahhanit	Prov. xxx. 19
125. Lake	Nepissepag	Luke viii. 23, 33
126. River	Sepu	Job xxvii. 10. Seip. Gen. ii. 10
127. Spring	Tohkekom	Song of Sol. iv. 12, 15
128. Stream
129. Valley	Ooneuhkoi	Josh. viii. 11, x. 12
130. Hill	Wudchuemes	Isa. xli. 2
131. Mountain	Wudchue	Job xxxix. 8
132. Plain
133. Forest	Mehtugquehkontu	xliv. 14
134. Meadow	Moquashqut	Gen. xix. 17
135. Bog	Neppissipagwash	Isa. xiv. 23
136. Island	Menohhannet	Isa. xli. 1, 2

Metals and the Mineral Kingdom

137. Stone	Qussuk	Prov. xxvii. 3
138. Rock	Qussuk
139. Silver
140. Copper
141. Iron	Missechuag	Prov. xxvii. 17
142. Lead	Ma Muttattag	Zach. v. 7, 8. Mahmuttattag
143. Gold

Horticulture and Agriculture

144. Maize, or corn
145. Wheat.
146. Oats
147. Potatoe
148. Turnip
149. Pea
150. Rye
151. Bean
152. Melon	Monaskootasquash	Lev. xi. 5
153. Squash
154. Barley

Botanical Terms and Vegetable Kingdom

155. Tree	Mehtug	Job xl. 21, 22, xv. 7
156. Log	Uhtukq
157. Limb	Wuttuk	Zach. vi. 12. Isa. x. 39
158. Wood	Uhtugquse	Song of Sol. iii. 9
159. Post	Nepattunkquon	Isa. vi. 4. Post of a door
160. Stump	Wequanunk	Dan. iv. 15, 23, 26
161. Pine	Qunonuhqua	Isa. xiv. 8. Fir-tree
162. Oak	Nootimes	Isa. vi. 13, i. 30, xliv. 14
163. Ash	Monunksoh	Isa. xliv. 14
164. Elm
165. Basswood
166. Shrub
167. Leaf	Oneep	Isa. i. 30
168. Bark
169. Grass	Moskehtti	Gen. i. Prov. xxii. 25. Ex. vi. 10
170. Hay	Moskehtu	Isa. xlii. 4
171. Nettle	Koussuk	Isa. v. 6. Brier
172. Thistle	Taskookau
173. Weed
174. Flower	Peshaun	Song of Sol. ii. 12
175. Rose	Peshaun
176. Lily	Peshaun	Luke xx. 27. Mat. vi. 38

General Articles of Food

177. Bread	Petukquannuk	Job xxxiii. 20. Lev. xxiv. 5. Eccl. xi. 1
178. Indian-meal	Nokehick	Eliot s Life, p. 79, ed. of 1691
179. Flour	Nọokkik	I. Sam. xxviii. 24
180. Meat	Weyaus. Meetsuonk	Job xxxiv. 3
181. Fat	Wees	Lev. iii. 3

Native Quadrupeds

182. Beaver
183. Deer	Ahtuh	Song of Sol. ii. 9
184. Bison, or Buffalo
185. Bear	Mosq.	Prov. xvii. 12
186. Elk
187. Moose
188. Otter
189. Fox	Wonkussiss	Song of Sol. ii. 15. Dim. in emes. Plu. in og
190. Wolf	Mukquooshim	Isa. xlv. 25. Query plu. in im
191. Dog	Anum	I. Sam. ix. 8
192. Squirrel
193. Hare	Ogkoshku	Prov. xxx. 26. Coney
194. Lynx
195. Panther
196. Muskrat	Mishahpohquas	Isa. Ixvi. 17. Mouse. Lev. xi. 29
197. Mink
198. Fisher
199. Martin
200. Mole	Mameechomit	Lev. xi. 80
201. Polecat

Domestic Animals Introduced at the Discovery 3

202. Hog
203. Horse
204. Cow
205. Sheep

Reptiles, Insects, Etc.

206. Turtle, or Tortoise	Toonuppas	Lev. xi. 29. Plu. in og
207. Toad	Tinnogkooqus	Ex. viii. 2. Plu. in og
208. Snake	Askook	Job xxvi. 13. Eccl. x. 2
209. Lizard
210. Worm	Oohqua	Isa. xiv. 11. Plu. in og
211. Insect	Monitŏs	Plu. in ug
212. Fly	Ochaas
213. Wasp	Amo	Plu. in og
214. Ant	Aununnekqs	Prov. xxx. 25, vi. 6

Birds and Ornithology Generally

215. Bird	Psukses	Job xli. 5. Prov. xxvii. 8
216. Egg	Woou	Job vi. 6. Woan. Isa. x. 14. Deut. xx. 6
217. Feather	Unnokon
218. Claw	Ookossa	Isa. v. 28. Dan. iv. 23
219. Beak
220. Wing	Nuppohwun	Isa. vi. 2
221. Goose
222. Duck
223. Swan	Wequash	Lev. xi. 18
224. Partridge	Pohpohkussu	I. Sam. xxvi. 20
225. Pigeon	Nunneem	Lev. xv. 6
226. Plover
227. Woodcock
228. Turkey
229. Crow	Weenont	Lev. xi. 15
230. Raven	Konkontu	Job xxxviii. 41. Song of Sol. v. 1. Gen. viii. 7
231. Robin
232. Eagle	Wompisik	Lev. xi. 13. Isa. xl. 31
233. Hawk	Quanon	Lev. xi. 16
234. Snipe
235. Owl	Kookookhau	Job xxx. 29. Isa. xiii. 21
236. Woodpecker

Fishes and Objects in Ichthyology

237. Fish	Namohs	Hab. i. 14. Luke xi. 11. Mat. xxxiv. 4
238. Trout
239. Bass
240. Sturgeon
241. Sunfish
242. Pike
243. Catfish
244. Perch
245. Sucker
246. Minnow
247. Fin	Wapwekaneg	Lev. xi. 10. Phi. in ig
248. Scale	Wohhokgieg	Lev. xi. 10. Plu. in ig
249. Roe

Algonquian Adjectives

In the Algonquin group of languages, the adjective is furnished with a transitive inflection, to denote the class of the object, of the quality of which it is intended to speak; and these transitive forms are the simplest, in which all words denoting the properties and qualities of bodies are orally found to exist. In that language, the two classes of objects which impose rules of construction upon the speaker, in the use of adjectives, are those possessing and those wanting life or vitality, The adjective roots or primitive forms of the adjective, are therefore always encumbered with a transitive inflection, to make certain to the hearer the precise class of objects spoken of. Thus, waub is the root-form of white. Ish or ishk, is a declarative particle, but if it be intended to describe a white person, the particle izzie is added; if a white inanimate substance, the particle is changed to au. Denote whether this mode or any analogous one exists in the language of which you furnish a vocabulary.

250. White	Wompi	Mat v. 36
251. Black	Mooi	Song of Sol. i. 5
252. Red	Musqua	Isa. Ixviii. 7
253. Green	Ashkoshqui	Song of Sol. v. 16
254. Blue	Oonôag	Ex. xxxix. 1, 2
255. Yellow	Wesôag	Ps. Ixviii. 13
256. Great	Missi	Luke x. 2
257. Small	Peasi	II. Sam. xii. 8. Hag. i. 9
258. Strong	Menuhkesu	II. Sam. iii. 1. John ii. 14
259. Weak	Noochumwis	II. Sam. iii. 1. Isa. xvi. 10
260. Old	Kutchis	Isa. xx. 4
261. Young	Wuske	Rev. v. 9. Lev. xxii. 20. Isa. vii. 21
262. Good	Wunnegen	Isa. v. 20. Gen. i. 4
263. Bad	Matchet	Isa. v. 20
264. Handsome	Noonet	Song of Sol. i. 14
265. Ugly
266. Alive	Pamotog	Luke xxiv. 5
267. Dead	Nuppuk	Luke xxiv. 5
268. Life	Pemoantooonk	Isa. xliii. 4. Sub. in onk
269. Death	Nuppoonk	Prov. vii. 27. Sub. in onk
270. Cold	Kussopeu	Rev. iii. 15
271. Cold	Sonquesea	Rev. iii. 15
272. Sour	Seog	Prov. x. 26
273. Sweet	Weekon	Eccl. xi. 7. Isa. v. 20
274. Pepper
275. Salt
276. Bitter	Wesogk	Rev. x. 10. Isa. v. 10

In giving these examples, the substantive forms, Nos. 268, 269, and 274, 275, are given in immediate connection with the adjective, for obvious reasons.

Pronouns, Personal and Relative

The genius of the Indian language, to which reference has been above made, which requires that adjectives should have a transitive inflection, also imposes a similar rule of transition on the pro nouns, which are perpetually required to show whether the class of objects to which they apply be animate or inanimate. It is the succedaneum for gender; and there is, as a consequence of so general a principle having been taken, no concord required in that class of languages, to denote the masculine and feminine. State whether the personal, relative, or demonstrative pronouns, be transitive or intransitive.

277. I	Nen	Job xxxiv. 33
278. Thou	Ken	Josh. x. 12
279. He	W
280 She	W
281.  They
282 Ye	Keneau	Luke xxii. 20
283. We, including We, excluding
284. We, excluding the person addressed	Nenawun	Isa. xvi. 10
285. This person, or animate being This object or thing (inanimate)	Yeuoh	Mat. xxi. 10, 11
286. That person or animated being That object or thing (inanimate)
287. These persons or animated beings These objects or things (inanimate)
288. Those persons or animated beings Those objects or things
289. All	Wame	Mark xiv. 29
290. Part
291. Who	Howan	Mat. xxi. 10. Luke viii. 45, 46
292. What What person What thing
293. Which person Which thing

Adverbs

294. Near	Pasoo	Mark xiii. 28, 29
295. Far off	Noondtit	Isa. xlvi. 13, xlix. 1
296. Today	Kesbukuk	II. Kings xxviii. 6
297. Tomorrow	Mohtompog	I. Sam. xxxi. 8. Saup. Ex. viii. 10
298. Yesterday
299. By and by
300. Yes	Nux	Mat. xvii. 25
301. No	Matta	John. vii. 12. Mat. v. 37
302. Perhaps
303. Never
304. Forever	Mitcheme	Isa. xxvi. 4, xxxiv. 10. Mat. vi, 13

Prepositions and Prepositional Terms

305. Above	Waabe	Isa. vi. 2
306. Under
307. Within
308. Without
309. Something–n
310. Nothing n	Matteag	Luke xxii. 35. Isa. xl. 17
311. On	Ohta	Lev. viii. 30
312. In
313. By
314. Through
315. In the sky
316. On the tree
317. In the house
318. By the shore
319. Through the water

Verbs

The simplest form of the Indian verb which has been found orally to exist in the languages examined, is the third person singular, present tense, of the indicative mood. The infinitive is only to be established by dissection. If this rule prevails in the language known to you, the equivalents of the verbs to eat, to drink, &c., will be understood to mean, he eats, he drinks, &c., unless it be otherwise denoted.

320. To eat	Meetch	Job xxxi. 8. Mark viii. 2, 8
321. To drink	Wuttat	Isa. v. 22
322. To laugh	Haha	Eccl. 18, 12
323. To cry	Mauoo	Luke viii. 52. Eccl. iii. 4
324. To love	Womon	Song of Sol. ii. 9
325. To burn	Chikosw	Lev. iv. 12
326. To walk	Papaum	Zach. vi. 7
327. To run	Kenoos	Zach. ii. 4
328. To see	Naush	Rev. vi. 3
329. To hear	Noota	Luke viii. 8. Gen. iii. 8
330. To speak	Noowa	Zach. ii. 4
331. To strike	Nuttogkom	Jer. xxi. 6
332. To think	Mehquontam	Isa. xlii. 18
333. To wish
334. To call	Wehkom	Isa. Iv. 5, 6
335. To live	Kuppamantam	Isa. xliii. 4
336. To go	Monchek	I. Sam. xxix. 10
337. To sing	Nukketoo	Isa. v. 1
338. To dance	Pumukom	Eccl. iii. 6
339. To die	Nuppoo	Gen. xxv. 8
340. To tie	Upponam	Ex. xxxix. 31
341. To kill	Neshehteam	Eccl. iii. 3
342. To embark

Participles

343. Eating
344. Drinking
345. Laughing
346. Crying

Substantive-Verb

347. To be, or to exist
348. You are
349. He is
350. I am that I am	Nen Nuttinnien Nen Nuttinnien	Ex. iii. 14

1. Analogy and examples denote that there are no elementary participles in the aboriginal tongues, but that the sense of the equivalents generally returned, is, he (is) eating (is) drinking, &c.
2. Conjugations are effected in the Indian languages, by tensal inflections of the pronouns and verbs. The entire absence of auxiliary verbs in the languages was observed at an early period. The Indian who is constantly in the habit of saying, I sick I well I glad I sorry was naturally supposed to speak a language, which, however rich in its inflections and power of description, had no word or radical particle to denote abstract existence. Such does not, however, appear to be the case in the Algonquin, from a scrutiny of some of the Scripture translations which have been received, and a comparison with their vocabularies. But the subject still requires examination. So far as can be judged, the term for abstract existence is of very limited use, and never, in any case, appears to be employed to express passion, emotion, suffering, or enjoyment. In this view, the forms No. 348, 349, are added. It is apprehended that no precise equivalent for 350 the test phrase proposed by Mr. Duponceau for the verb can be given. In the Algonquin, however, the phrase Nin dow iau Iaun has been rendered literally, I (the 4 ) body I am. The whole question turning upon the primary meaning of the root-form IAU or IAH. 5

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Citations:

1. It must be evident, that if there be no equivalent for this word as contradistinguished from No. 7, there ran be no translation of Mat. i. 18, and the parallel passages of Luke, &c., which will convey to the Indian mind the doctrine of the mystery of the incarnation.[]
2. Here, and in most other cases where a blank occurs, there is no corresponding term to be found in the Bible.[]
3. Translations of these names are requested.[]
4. As there is no indefinite article in the -language, the [inclusive] term here is merely inferential.[]
5. The almost exact identity of the sound of this word with the Hebrew verb To Be, n in has not escaped notice.[]

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