Native American Archives – Page 66 of 341

Sample of Mixed Blood Ubiquity: Representative Family Histories

The extant records concerning the traders and other countrymen are uneven in their coverage of mixed-blood families. Although only the better-known families were chronicled in the works of early regional historians and authors commenting on the Indian tribes, the existence of scores of surnames within these records indicates that mixed-blood families were widespread in the Choctaw nation. Over the space of several generations the mixed-blood families of the traders and countrymen began to move more and more towards the culture of their white kinsmen, especially if the white progenitor had stayed in one area and recognized the paternity of his … Read more

Choctaw Trade and Coexistence in the Nation

Choctaw Village near the Chefuncte, The women appear to be making dye to color the strips of cane beside them, by François Bernard, 1869

After the discovery of the new world, trade quickly became the most important interaction between the American natives and the colonists. For the Indians it was an extension and continuation of their inter-tribal practices. Reuben Gold Thwaites, an early nineteenth-century student of the American frontier, stated that “the love of trade was strong among the Indians,” and that they had a complex “system of inter-tribal barter.” This existing trade system allowed the Europeans to quickly establish their own trade with the various tribes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. One of the foremost Indian trading nations was the Choctaw tribe, … Read more

An Affinity For Trade

Despite their early encounters with Hernando DeSoto, whose ruthless exploitation of the Native Americans was unabashedly cruel, the Southeastern Indians greeted white men with peaceful cooperation. Later European arrivals found that their success in the Gulf wilderness depended largely upon peace with the native inhabitants, or at least peace with one of the larger tribes. Because no large deposits of gold or other precious metals were found, the Spaniards relegated the region to outpost status and made no major effort to colonize beyond settlements at Pensacola and later Mobile and New Orleans, and thus they had relatively little contact with … Read more

Introduction, Choctaw Mixed Blood

One of the most controversial areas of American history is that of Indian/white relations and the federal policies, which led to Indian Removal. In the early and middle nineteenth century the United States government embarked upon a program of wholesale government-sponsored emigration of tribes residing within the various states and territories. Later called the “Trail of Tears” this official program of tribal displacement was long the focus of American Indian policy and the genesis of the present-day reservation system. Although several northeastern and eastern tribes had been displaced earlier, the removal of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole nations … Read more

Choctaw Nation Schools in 1904

This school had served the south Alabama Choctaws for one hundred years when it was photographed in 1935 by the Historic American Buildings Survey. (Courtesy of Library of Congress)

The following dataset is a list of students in the Choctaw Nation schools during the class year of 1904. It was compiled by Ruthie McLillan and provided to AccessGenealogy for publication. A day school curriculum included subjects such as English, math, history, drawing and composition. Students would often produce a variety of weekly and monthly newspapers and other publications that were considered part of their “industrial training,” or preparing for work in the larger economy. These featured their artwork and writing. Students also learned trade and work skills, such as artisan and domestic crafts, which were considered useful at the … Read more

Teachers List, 1901-1902

Staff 1901 Charles P. Abbott Washinton Berry L.D. Bohanan Frankie Benson T. Cummings Frank Dietrich (relieved) Marie Edwards Hubert B. Marshall Luey Hatcher Mrs. Ron Hynson Gus Merriman Sallie Nash O.D. Owen Clara Redman Maye Sparks I.T. Underwood Bertha Whitehead Allen Carter R.S. Baker George L. Branson Mattie Collins Belle Carney J.H. Dickinson Louvena Fronterhouse William Gay Lou Holdsworth H.D. Hoffman Samuel P. McMinn A. Neely Grace Peak E.L. Rodman Lucy Thomas Sinklie Marshall Staff 1902 Nettie Diggs (had moved to Sheldon, MO) Sue M. Oakes (Garvin, I.T.) Sue Brown (McAlester, I.T.) Margaret Mitchell (127 Haskell Ave. Kansas City, Kan.) … Read more

Schools by County

Gaine School Boiling Spring School Teacher: Robert E. Lee (fullblood Choctaw) Local Trustee: Jackson James (fullblood Choctaw) Dunlap School Teacher: E.P. Sullivan (white) Local Trustee: Lum Dunlap (intermarried white) Featherston School Teacher: May Featherston (white) Local Trustee: L.C. Featherston (intermarried white) Mountain Station School Teacher: H.J. Sexton (fullblood Choctaw) Local Trustee: Houston Nelson (fullblood Choctaw) Vireton School Teacher: R.H. Burrows (white) Local Trustee: Osburn White (fullblood Choctaw) White Oak School Teacher: No Name Listed (white) Local Trustee: Mike Hicks (fullblood Choctaw) San Bois County Bethel School Teacher: Belle Green Local Trustee: William Martin (fullblood Choctaw) Brooken School Teacher: Miss Ida … Read more

Jones Academy, Additions and Quarterly Reports, 1906

Districts 1-4, Additions, 1906 First District, Coal County Name Age Arthur Johnston 12 Eddie Sloan 13 Gaines County John Battles 14 George Battles 8 Rocoe York 12 Osborne Pusley 15 Joshua Pusley 15 Ellis Jefferson 7 Douglas Jones 15 Henry Wesley 11 Abel Brown 13 Richard Riddle 18 John Riddle 14 Eddie Riddle 12 Sam Ross 15 Joshua James 13 Alexander McKinney 13 Wesley Humby 10 Anderson Lewis 18 Clarence Willis 13 San Bois County Simon Dwight 18 Jesse Beams 12 Swinny Bond 18 David Jackson 13 Isaac Thomas 18 Columbus Garland 17 John Taylor 16 Robert Noel 17 Frank … Read more

The 1904 schools on Microfilm

The 1904 school lists may be found on DC 61 and DC 62. Listed below are the frame numbers on which they may be located. The microfilm rolls give more information than contained herein regarding what subjects were studied by the individual students and on 1904 Schools on Microfilm Alamo 61 1229 Albany 1280 Albion 1267 Ashland 1354 Beach Creek 1170 Bennington #1 009 Bennington #2 1415 Bently 1364 Bethel #1 1256 Bethel #2 1286 Big Hill 1270 Big Lake 1194 Black Jack 1316 Boggy Depot 1340 Boiling Springs 1272 Bokchito #1 1305 Bower 1377 Bokchito #2 1431 Brooken 1199 … Read more

Day Schools Choctaw Nation – T-Z

Talihina Day School, September 1904 Male Choctaw Students Name Age Simon Gibson 15 Andrew Johnson 12 Alon Johnson 10 Leo Thomas 14 Ira Wade 17 Ivan Wade 15 Dennis Wade 11 Delias Wade 8 Female Choctaw Students DeGrace Thomas 9 Helen Thomas 6 Della Wade 6 Male White Students Oscar Battles 12 Roy Battles 8 John Battles 10 Sid Battles 7 John Barber 6 Buck Curnutt 10 Tom Curnutt 17 Carl Curnutt 14 Murl Curnutt 12 Willie Carter 10 Robin Emmert 11 Belton Emmert 6 Willie Eskridge 12 Walter Files 9 Yewal Files 6 Austin Fondren 6 Earnest Grahm 7 … Read more

Day Schools Choctaw Nation – S

Salem Day School, September 1904 Male Choctaw Students Name Age Joseph Leflore 13 Mack Leflore 14 Frank Jones 11 Dannie Blue 7 Wilmon Leflore 9 Bowland Isaacs 7 James Goin 16 Charlie Darden 10 George Jackson 14 Simon Carshal 6 Willie Darden 14 Henry Merriman 16 Leo Merriman 14 Tecumseh Amos 12 Harris Batteest 16 Andrew Batteest 14 Willie Isaacs 18 Johnnie Winlock 10 Female Choctaw Students Rosa Hudson 7 Minerva Leflore 9 Pelina Leflore 8 Millie McCurtain 11 Harriet Lewis 8 Minnie Darden 11 Louise McClure 7 Lela Sexton 12 Irene Sexton 13 Male White Students Roscoe Jones 12 … Read more

Day Schools Choctaw Nation – O-R

Owl Day School, September 1904 Male Choctaw Students Name Age Ben Wolfe 17 Elmer McCarter 13 Emmet McCarter 9 Farris Monds 6 Augustus Znola 9 Wilson Williams 8 William Thomas 9 Female Choctaw Students Fannie Wolfe 11 Mattie Wallas 17 Myrtle Wallas 9 Mindie Monds 8 Annie Znola 8 Hester Znola 6 Betsey Zucker 11 Hannie McClurg 8 Lizie Thomas 12 Minnie Thomas 11 Ethel Thomas 7 Ida Wolfe 6 Male White Students Coke Farley 15 Robert Farley 13 Arthur Farley 10 Henry Farley 8 Howard Boland 10 Jessie Jones 10 Willie Mitchel 12 Verdie Mitchel 8 Andrew F–ntes 7 … Read more

Day Schools Choctaw Nation – K-N

Kennady Day School, September 1904 Male Choctaw Students Name Age Jay McAlvain 14 Davie McAlvain 10 Audie McAlvain 8 James Peters 8 Female Choctaw Students Florence McAlvain 12 Lela Peters 10 Male White Students Guy Shipley 12 Grady Ervin 12 Jessie Ervin 10 Claude Stidham 8 Everette Stidham 7 Andrew Bullard 19 Taylor Bullard 6 Charlie Bullard 13 George Bullard 10 Tom Donathan 19 Jerry Donathan 6 Polk Donathan 6 Henry Heflin 10 Troy Heflin 8 Claude Baldwin 13 Johnny Baldwin 8 German Calloway 10 Sherman Calloway 8 Arthur Hill 12 Hansford Baldwin 6 Elmer Johnson 5 David Evans 14 … Read more

Day Schools Choctaw Nation – G-J

Gaither Day School, September 1904 Male Choctaw Students Name Age Addison Bohreer 19 Alfred Bohreer 14 Julius Barker 14 Jim Lewis 14 Umph Lewis 7 Jake Lewis 12 Jonnie Holt 7 Female Choctaw Students Sula Bohreer 10 Bessie Barker 12 Mary Holt 12 Lorine Lewis 13 Male White Students Joe Flyod Owen 9 Tom Owen 10 Glennie Clark 11 Ransom Gaither 12 Edgar Billy 14 Pete Godfrey 10 Lonnie Smith 14 Jonnie Smith 9 Lee Moore 9 Earl Bell 13 Jimmie Chapman 7 E.L. Clark 6 Drew Thomas 11 Emzie Moon 13 Bossie Moon 9 Claten Kinnikin 18 George Kinnikin … Read more

Day Schools Choctaw Nation – D-F

Dixie Day School, September 1904 Male Indian Students Name Age John Eastes 10 William Massey 7 Edwin Krebbs no age listed Harrison Massey 14 Female Indian Students Minnie Krebbs 12 Tishie Krebbs 9 Jessie Massey 11 Male White Students Fred Browne 11 Earl Crain 12 Frances Cadegan 4 Clarence Goodman 11 Elbert Jemerson 12 Seabron Johnson 11 Elias Johnson 17 James Kilgore 16 Will Hatfield 17 Female White Students Pearl Bowers no age listed Edna Bowers 8 Maud Crowson 8 Bertie Goodman 10 Clara Johnson 9 Jessie Jemerson 7 Lida Jemerson 8 Ethel Maynard 11 Pearl Maynard 8 Rosa Murrin … Read more

Day Schools Choctaw Nation – C

Male Choctaw Students Name Age Sam Billman 15 Leuo Tukolo 8 Bud Billie 13 Male White Students Levi Priuett 13 Roy Ellis 12 Alan Leuty 6 Joseph Smith 5 Early Dandridge 5 Tempa Dandridge 14 Ida Ellis 13 Lola Dandridge 11 Nona Smith 8 Teacher: W.E. Osterhold, Featherston, Ind. Ter. Amount Paid Teacher: $40.00 No Local Trustee Signature Calvin Day School, September 1904 Male Choctaw Ind. Students Name Age Ottie Louis 7 Willis Folsom 7 Female Choctaw Ind. Students Anthie Louis 10 Pearl James 6 Mattie James 8 Nannie James 10 Irene Folsom 9 Male American White Students Herbert Bennett … Read more

Day Schools Choctaw Nation – B

Bentley Day School, September 1904 Male Choctaw Students Name Age Mike Jimison 14 Ellis Jimison 13 Male White Students Leroy Howell 15 Raleigh Whillhite 14 Morey Whillhite 12 George Case 10 Elija Darwell 13 Newt Darnell 6 Elbert Darnell 9 Otto Kingston 7 Burley Matney 8 Earl Matney 6 Female White Students Hattie Case 13 Rossie Darnell 15 Eddie Hartly 13 Lillie Howell 11 Bessie Fay 9 Clara Hart 12 Myrtle Hart 10 Rebecca Whillhite 6 Teacher: Grace James, Bentley, I.T. Amount Paid Teacher: $25.33 Local Trustees: J.E. Forkner, I.A. Franklin, H. Washington, Bentley, I.T. Bethel #1 Neighborhood Day School, … Read more

King Philip’s War Records

King Philip’s war was the most devastating war between the colonists and the Indians in New England. The war is named for King Philip, the son of Massasoit and chief of the Wampanoag. His Wampanoag name was Metacom, Metacomet, or Pometacom. Upon the death of his brother, Alexander (Wamsutta), whom the Indians suspected the English of murdering, Philip became sachem and maintained peace with the colonists for a number of years. Hostility developed over the steady succession of land sales forced on the Indians by their growing dependence on English goods. The Wampanoag were joined by the Nipmuck and by … Read more

Hernando De Soto

With seven ships of his own providing, and accompanied by from six hundred to one thousand warlike and energetic adventurers, many of whom were of noble rank, Hernando De Soto set sail, in the month of April, 1538. Upwards of a year was spent, mostly upon the island of Cuba, before the fleet set sail for the Florida coast. In the latter part of May, 1539, the vessels came to anchor off the bay of Espiritu Santo, now Tampa Bay, on the western sea-board, and a large division of soldiers, both horse and foot, were landed. The Indians had taken … Read more

Quarrel between the Narragansetts and Mohegan

A small body of the Pequots made one more futile attempt to settle in their old country; but a company was sent against them, and they were driven off; their provisions were plundered, and their wigwams destroyed. The destruction of this powerful tribe left a large extent of country unoccupied; to no small portion of which Uncas laid claim by virtue of his relationship to Sassacus. The power and influence of this subtle and warlike chief had become, by this time, vastly extended, not only by treaty and alliance with the Europeans, but by continual addition to the number of … Read more