White Mountain Reservation

Coyotero Apache Tribe

The Coyotero Apache Tribe, known for their nomadic lifestyle and reliance on desert resources rather than agriculture, consists mainly of the Pinal and White Mountain Coyoteros. Historically, their territory spanned the western and southwestern regions of the present White Mountain Reservation in Arizona. The tribe was recorded to have 310 members in 1886, with increasing numbers in subsequent years, though these figures may include other Apache groups. The term “Coyoteros” reflects their roving nature rather than their diet.

Arivaipa Apache Tribe

The Arivaipa Apache, historically residing in the Arivaipa Creek canyon in southern Arizona, were known for their extensive raids into northern Mexico. Notably, they were implicated in the extinction of the Sobaipuri tribe in the late 18th century. A devastating attack in 1863 by California volunteers led to significant casualties among the Arivaipa, prompting them to seek peace. By 1872, the tribe was relocated to the San Carlos agency, where they now exist as a small remnant, integrated into the White Mountain Reservation.

San Carlos Agency

Special Agent Stephen Whited’s report (August-November 1890) details the demographics, land, and living conditions of various Indian tribes in Arizona, including the White Mountain Apache, Mohave, and Yuma. He notes the area’s poor infrastructure at the San Carlos Agency, with many government buildings in disrepair. The report highlights the tribes’ agricultural efforts, challenges due to fluctuating water supply, and cultural practices, including polygamy and superstitions. Additionally, it summarizes the tribes’ socioeconomic conditions, educational attendance, and criminal statistics.