America Archives – Page 2 of 18

Appalachian Colonists from the Mediterranean Basin

In the Southeastern United States, rural “old families” display diverse ancestries that blur the lines between European, African, and indigenous roots. Many identify as Cajun, Melungeon, or similar, often claiming ties to Native American tribes without substantial evidence. Notably, some families possess Jewish surnames but have long identified as Christians, losing touch with their heritage. In contrast, a distinct mestizo population in the Appalachian mountains has maintained its identity for centuries, often referring to themselves as Melungeons, recognizing their unique differences from neighboring groups.

Melungeon DNA Study – Genetic Evidence

Melungeon DNA research has evolved significantly since the initial 1990 studies that relied on blood samples, leading to simple interpretations of their ancestry. Early findings indicated a mix of European, Native American, and minor African heritage, yet later studies revealed a more complex genetic background, including ties to Middle Eastern populations. Advanced testing in 2002 and onwards has refined this understanding, showing varied ancestries across Melungeon communities. Despite controversies, the genetic evidence supports a diverse heritage, indicating ongoing shifts in perceptions of Melungeon identity and history.

Melungeons

A cartoon mocking the typical Melungeon.

The term “Melungeon” has various interpretations and origins, possibly stemming from the French word “mélange” or the English “malengin.” Historically marginalized, Melungeons were often classified as white, Indian, or free people of color based on skin tone. Their ancestry is complex, with some scholars linking them to mixed-race unions in colonial times. Brent Kennedy’s research in the 1990s revived interest in Melungeon heritage, challenging stereotypes and advocating for further study. His findings stirred academic controversy regarding the Melungeons’ ethnic origins and identity.

What Happened to the Sephardic Jewish Colonists?

The post-colonial history of Sephardic Jewish communities in the Southern Piedmont and Appalachians remains largely speculative due to a lack of scientific study. Early Sephardic Jews were integrated into Southern society, often becoming successful professionals and intermarrying with Christians, leading to a gradual assimilation. Key figures, like Francis Salvador and David Yulee, emerged as political leaders. However, over time, many descendants lost touch with their Jewish heritage, possibly relocating to more favorable areas or converting to other faiths. This history contrasts sharply with more documented Jewish experiences in other regions.

Indian Captivity Narratives

The Abduction of Daniel Boone's Daughter by the Indians

This collection presents unabridged Indian captivity narratives, preserving the original language while offering a historical record of captives taken by Native Americans from the 1500s through the 1800s. It includes a table of captives, dates, locations, and captivity lengths, plus source references. The page emphasizes first-hand accounts and ongoing additions.

History of the Indian Wars

The post examines the tumultuous history of relations between settlers and Native Americans in the United States, primarily focusing on the violent conflicts that ensued. It highlights the settlers’ resilience amidst the atrocities they faced, leading to their eventual dominance over the land. The narrative notes the drastic reduction of Native American territories and populations due to warfare, disease, and cultural shifts. It also expresses concern for the future survival of Indigenous peoples, emphasizing the need for interventions to help them adopt agricultural practices and integrate into a civilized society.

Map of part of North America from Cape Charles to the Mouth of the River Mississipi

The 1721 Barnwell Map, created by Captain John Barnwell during the Tuscarora War, offers an important depiction of Southeast America drawn from his extensive travels and explorations. This map, now accessible in high resolution through People of One Fire, illuminates key geographical features, including the Georgia Mountains and their designation as Upper Creek territory. It also notes the Altamaha and St. Johns Rivers, providing historical context crucial for researchers of the region.

Map Making, from Majorca to Appalachia

Following the discovery of the New World, European cartographers, particularly from Majorca, initially produced maps filled with inaccuracies. Majorcan Sephardic Jews were pivotal in advancing cartography and navigational instruments during the Age of Discovery. However, they faced persecution after the Reconquista and subsequent political changes, leading many to migrate to Portugal and later the Netherlands. There, they contributed to significant improvements in navigation and shipbuilding, eventually influencing exploration and colonization efforts in the New World, including Southeastern North America.

Fossilized Anthropology

In the 17th century, Charles de Rochefort noted the dominance of three kingdoms in the Southeastern United States, with Apalache as a precursor to the Creek Confederacy. Subsequent archaeological interpretations, particularly from the late 20th century, have often misrepresented Native American history, primarily attributing artifacts to the Cherokee while neglecting evidence of other ethnic groups and their cultural contributions. Notable historians and archaeologists faced exclusion for challenging these narratives, leading to a distorted understanding of the region’s indigenous heritage.

Tammany Society

The Tammany Society, founded in 1786 by Revolutionary War veteran William Mooney, evolved from a patriotic organization focused on safeguarding popular liberty and aiding Revolutionary soldiers into a powerful player in New York City’s Democratic politics. Adopting an Indian-themed structure, it sought to counter Federalist aristocracy. Early efforts included negotiating treaties with Native Americans, establishing historical museums, and supporting military needs. While it initially prioritized republican ideals, Tammany Society’s influence has shifted towards local political dominance, with Tammany Hall emerging as its political arm.

Indian Biographies

Biographies are a good source of information on our ancestors. They can be used as a tool to provide facts: names, dates and locations for the events in our ancestors lives. They can also provide “meat” for genealogical research, and by that we mean the story behind the person – events which shaped and molded the character of a person. We have put a great number of biographical information online, both Native American and general biographies, and have gone through all of them and provided links to the one’s specific to Native American.

John Mitchell’s Map

John Mitchell’s 1755 map of North America accurately depicted Creek and Alabama villages along key river systems and became the most detailed map of the continent during the late eighteenth century. It influenced boundary discussions at the Treaty of Paris in 1783, though its inaccuracies led to border disputes, notably in Maine. The map exhibited a strong pro-British bias, portraying the Iroquois as British subjects and dismissing French claims. These political motivations cast doubt on the reliability of its geographical assertions.

Linguistic Families of American Indians North of Mexico

Linguisitic Families of American Indians - Powell

Powell’s map, first published in 1891, categorizes the linguistic families of American Indian tribes north of Mexico, proving invaluable for historical study. Although it consolidates tribes into broader classifications, the complexity of tribal identities—such as the Iroquois Confederation or the Creeks—challenges uniform classification. The map illustrates the configuration of tribes, particularly their historical associations and linguistic ties, while acknowledging the dynamic nature of tribal boundaries over time. The project aims to present a comprehensive, yet accessible overview of North American Indigenous cultures for general readers.

Illustrations, Famous American Belles

This post presents a collection of notable portraits and miniatures of prominent American women, highlighting their connections and historical significance. Featured are Emily Marshall, Marcia Burns, Theodosia Burr, and others, with artwork by renowned artists like Chester Harding, James Peale, and Thomas Sully. Each piece, often reproduced for the first time, is accompanied by details about ownership and permissions for reproduction, emphasizing the legacy of these figures in American history.