Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico

Hodge, Frederick Webb, Compiler. The Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office. 1906.

Axion Tribe

Axion Indians (‘the muddy place’, from assiscu ‘mud’). A division of the New Jersey Delawares, formerly living on the East bank of Delaware River, between Rancocas Creek and the present Trenton. In 1648 they were one of the largest tribes on the river, being estimated at 200 warriors. Brinton thinks the name may be a corruption of Assiscunk, the name of a creek above Burlington. For Further Study The following articles and manuscripts will shed additional light on the Axion as both an ethnological study, and as a people. Evelin (1648) in Proud, Pa., I, 113, 1797.

Awashonks

Awashonks. The woman chief of Seconet, Rhode Island, whose fame obscured that of Tolony, her husband . Her name is signed to the Plymouth agreement of 1671. She was drawn into King Philip’s war in support of that chief, but afterward made her peace with the English. One of her sons is said to have studied Latin in preparation for college, but succumbed to the palsy.

Avoyel Tribe – Avoyelles Tribe

Avoyel Indians, Avoyelles Indians (Fr. dim. of avoie, ‘small vipers’). A tribe spoken of in the 18th century as one of the nations of the Red River, having their villages near the mouth of that stream, within what is now Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana. They probably belonged to the Caddoan family, the tribe representing a group that had remained near the ancient habitat of its kindred. The country occupied by the Avoyelles was fertile and intersected by lakes and bayous, one of the latter being still called by their name. The tribe lived in villages, cultivated maize and vegetables, and practiced … Read more

Avavares Tribe

Avavares Indians – A former tribe of Texas, possibly Caddoan, which lived ” behind ” the Quintoles toward the interior, and to which Cabeza de Vaca, in 1527-34, fled from the Mariames. Their language was different from that of the Mariames, although they understood the latter. They bartered bones, which the Mariames ground and used for food, and also traded in bows. While staying with the Avavares Cabeza de Vaca and his companion became noted for their successful treatment of the sick. The people seem to have been kindly disposed and different in habits from the coast tribes.

Attacapan Family

Attacapan Family. A linguistic family consisting solely of the Attacapa tribe, although there is linguistic evidence of at least 2 dialects. Under this name were formerly comprised several bands settled in south Louisiana and northeast Texas. Although this designation was given them by their Choctaw neighbors on the east, these bands with one or two exceptions, do not appear in history under any other general name. Formerly the Karankawa and several other tribes were included with the Attacapa, but the vocabularies of Martin Duralde and of Gatschet show that the Attacapa language is distinct from all others. Investigations by Gatschet … Read more

Attacapa Tribe

Attacapa Indians.  A tribe forming the Attacapan linguistic family, a remnant of which early in the 19th century occupied as its chief habitat the Middle or Prien lake in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. It is learned from Hutchins that “the village de Skunnemoke” or Tuckapas stood on Vermilion River, and that their church was on the west side of the Tage (Bayou Tèche). The Attacapa country extended formerly to the coast in south west Louisiana, and their primitive domain was outlined in the popular name of the Old Attacapa or Tuckapa country, still in use, which comprised St Landry, St Mary, … Read more

Atsina Tribe

Atsina Indians (Blackfoot: ăt-se´-na, said to mean ‘gut people.’). A detached branch of the Arapaho, at one time associated with the Blackfeet, but now with the Assiniboin under Ft Belknap agency, Montana

Atquanachuke Tribe

Atquanachuke Indians. A tribe or band residing early in the 17th century in south or central New Jersey. All references to them are indefinite. Smith, who did not visit them, says they were on the seacoast beyond the mountains northward from Chesapeake bay, and spoke a language different from that of the Powhatan, Conestoga, Tocwogh, and Cuscarawaoc. Most of the early authorities put them in the same general locality, but Shea, evidently misled by the order in which Smith associates this name with names of east shore tribes, says they lived in 1633 on the east shore of Maryland and … Read more

Athapascans Indian Clans, Bands and Gens

Many tribes have sub-tribes, bands, gens, clans and phratry.  Often very little information is known or they no longer exist.  We have included them here to provide more information about the tribes. Deer Skins. Apparently a division of the northern Athapascans, as they are mentioned as belonging to a group including the Beaver Hunters, Flatside Dogs (Thlingchadinne), and Slaves. Smet, Oregon Missions, 164, 1847. Edjieretrukenade (buffalo people). An Athapascan tribe of the Chipewyan group living along the banks of Buffalo r., Athabasca, Canada.

Atfalati Tribe

Atfalati (Atfalati). A division of the Kalapooian family whose earliest seats, so far as can be ascertained, were the plains of the same name, the hills about Forest Grove, and the shores and vicinity of Wappato lake, Oregon; and they are said to have extended as far as the site of Portland. They are now on Grande Ronde Reservation and number about 20. The Atfalati have long given up their native customs and little is known of their mode of life. Their language, however, has been studied by Gatschet, and our chief knowledge of the Kalapooian tongue is from this … Read more

Atfalati Indian Clans, Bands and Gens

Many tribes have sub-tribes, bands, gens, clans and phratry.  Often very little information is known or they no longer exist.  We have included them here to provide more information about the tribes. Chachambitmanchal. An Atfalati band formerly living 3J m. N. of Forest Grove, Washington co., Oreg. Chachanim. An Atfalati band formerly living on Wapatoo Lake prairie, Washing ton co. , Oreg. Chachemewa. An Atfalati band formerly residing at Forest Grove, 6 m. from Wapatoo lake, Yamhill co., Oreg. Chachif. An Atfalati band formerly living on Wapatoo lake, Yamhill co., Oreg. Chachimabiyuk (refers to a swamp grass). An Atfalati band … Read more

Atchaterakangouen Tribe

Atchaterakangouen Indians. An Algonquian tribe or band living in the interior of Wisconsin in 1672, near the Mascouten and Kickapoo.

Atchatchakangouen Tribe

Atchatchakangouen (from atchitchak, ‘crane’). The principal division of the Miami. On account of the hostility of the Illinois they removed west of the Mississippi, where they were attacked by the Sioux, and they afterward settled near the Jesuit mission at Green Bay, and moved thence into Illinois and Indiana with the rest of the tribe. In 1736 Chauvignerie gave the crane as one of the two leading Miami totems, (J. M.)

Atanumlema Tribe

Atanumlema Indians. A small Shahaptian tribe living on Yakima Reservation, on Atanum Creek, Washington. They are said to speak a dialect closely related to the Yakima and Klikitat. For Further Study The following articles and manuscripts will shed additional light on the Atanumlema. Mooney in 14th Rep. B. A. E., 738, 1896.

Astouregamigoukh Tribe

Astouregamigoukh Indians. Mentioned as one of the small tribes north of St Lawrence River. Probably a Montagnais band or settlement about the headwaters of Saguenay or St Maurice River.

Assiniboin Tribe

Assiniboin Indians, Assiniboin First Nation, Assiniboin People (Chippewa: u’sin i ‘stone,’ u’pwäwa– ‘he cooks by roasting’: ‘one who cooks by the use of stones.’). A large Siouan tribe, originally constituting a part of the Yanktonai. Their separation from the parent stem, to judge by the slight dialectal difference in the language, could not have greatly preceded the appearance of the whites, but it must have taken place before 1640, as the Jesuit Relation for that year mentions the Assiniboin as distinct. The Relation of 1658 places them in the vicinity of Lake Alimibeg, between Lake Superior and Hudson Bay. On Jefferys’ … Read more