Blackfeet

Constantine Scollen, a missionary with experience among the Cree and Blackfeet, writes to the Governor of Manitoba about the Blackfeet’s declining condition due to alcohol and smallpox. He argues for a treaty to secure their future as settlers encroach on their lands and highlights their fears of losing sovereignty. By 1877, Treaty negotiations began, leading to a satisfactory conclusion and the establishment of trust between the Blackfeet and the Canadian government, reflecting a commitment to their welfare amidst changing circumstances.

On October 20th, the Blackfeet leaders gathered to accept the treaty terms, with Crowfoot emphasizing their connection to the plains and expressing gratitude for the protection provided by the Police against adversity. The consensus among the chiefs was evident, with leaders like Button Chief and Red Crow echoing support, acknowledging promises kept, and pledging to sign. Old Sun voiced hopes for provisions, including cattle and protection against poison. The day concluded with numerous chiefs advocating for the treaty, culminating in its signing and a ceremonial salute.

On October 17th, the anticipated opening of the Blackfeet Treaty was postponed to the following Wednesday due to the absence of several Indian Chiefs. Governor and Col. McLeod addressed the assembled Chiefs, reassuring them of the Queen’s goodwill and intentions. They outlined treaty terms, including annual payments and provisions for cattle, promoting a transition from buffalo hunting to farming. The Governor emphasized cooperation with the police for mutual benefit and encouraged discussions among the Chiefs before making a decision on the treaty’s acceptance.

On August 4, a commission was established to negotiate a treaty with the Blackfeet Indians in the North-West Territories. After preparing for the journey, the author left Swan River on August 11 and arrived in Battleford by August 24. There, he learned that the treaty meeting would occur at the Blackfoot crossing of the Bow River, prompted by Chief Crowfoot’s request. The journey involved crossing challenging rivers and observing diminishing buffalo herds. Upon reaching the treaty site on September 1, the author met various chiefs, gathering valuable insights into the local tribes and their needs.

On Friday, the payments to the Blackfeet, as stipulated in the treaty, were finalized, totaling $52,954 for 4,392 individuals. The Cree, who adhered to Treaty Number Six, received their gratuity of $5,203. The process was efficiently managed by the Police Force, with commendable efforts from Lieut. Col. McLeod and Major Irvine. Following the completion of accounts, the Commissioner began his return journey, highlighting plans for reserves and annual payments. The Blackfeet’s preference for cattle over agricultural implements was noted, along with their organizational structure.

On September 22, 1876, a significant treaty signing occurred between the Commissioners and the Blackfeet tribes, attended by many Chiefs, including Red Crow. After interpreting the treaty conditions, the Chiefs expressed their acceptance, with Crowfoot officially signing. Celebrations included a salute and the presentation of medals and flags. Following the treaty, Chiefs and their bands were honored, and payments were initiated by the Mounted Police. By September 24, additional minor Chiefs signed, further solidifying the agreement. Gratitude was exchanged between the Indians and the Commissioners throughout the week.

On Tuesday, the Cree Chief and his band gathered to discuss their inclusion in the treaty negotiations, expressing a desire for a reserve near Pigeon Lake. The Commissioners advised him to join Treaty Number Six, ensuring his band would receive rations while awaiting the Blackfeet treaty resolution. Throughout the meetings, various Indian leaders expressed their views, with most agreeing to the terms proposed. By Wednesday, Crowfoot and other influential chiefs indicated their intent to accept the treaty. Discussions on reserves were planned for later consultations, ensuring collective agreement among the tribes.

During the journey through Treaty Number Six, encounters with Indigenous peoples intensified after crossing Red Deer River. The Cree were friendly but reserved, while the Blackfeet welcomed the party warmly. Arriving at Fort McLeod, the group received a grand reception and discussed treaty matters, emphasizing the importance of collective engagement from all tribes. Notably, Reverend Father Scollen provided helpful insights for negotiations, while the Mounted Police earned high praise for their fair treatment of the Indigenous visitors. Preparations for treaty talks continued, with a focus on inclusive discussions among the tribes.

On Sunday, the Blackfeet engaged in a ritualistic horse battle, creating tension among spectators. The subsequent days focused on the payment of tribes by inspectors, who faced challenges verifying family numbers. By Wednesday, Chiefs expressed satisfaction with the treaty and pledged loyalty to its terms. The Lieutenant Governor commended their commitment, reiterating that the Mounted Police were allies. Following the ceremony, the Governor departed, and traders were instructed to vacate the reservation, marking the end of this significant diplomatic engagement during a harsh winter.

At a council meeting, the Governor reassured Blackfeet chiefs about their hunting rights and promised fair compensation for land and resources. Button Chief expressed gratitude for the Police’s protection but requested annual payments and compensation for timber used. The Governor countered that the Indians should be thankful for the peace provided by the Police. He emphasized that while they cannot promise yearly treaties, payments would increase with population growth. Bears Paw also voiced his hope for prompt provisions and support for his tribe.

On September 22, 1877, the Blackfeet Treaty was signed by chiefs of the Blackfeet, Blood, Piegan, and Sarcee tribes, witnessed by Governor Laird and Colonel McLeod, near the Great Bow River. Upon the Governor’s arrival on October 4, he was met with a grand escort, a salute, and a warm welcome from the citizens of Fort McLeod. During his visit, he expressed admiration for the local Mounted Police and praised the community’s development since their arrival. The Governor’s stay lasted until October 14, when he departed with a military detachment to the treaty site.

The negotiation of Treaty Number Seven was spearheaded by Hon. David Laird and Lieut. Col. McLeod to finalize territorial agreements with the Blackfeet, Blood, and Sarcee tribes, who occupied a significant un-surrendered area in the North-West. Delays in treaty discussions had heightened tensions, prompting urgency to engage the tribes to maintain friendly relations. The treaty aimed to promote stability and pastoral development, as well as to reflect on the positive changes brought by Canadian governance, including reduced intertribal conflict and improved security for all.