Georgia Archives – Page 2 of 50

Ocmulgee Bottoms in Recorded History

The Hernando de Soto Expedition, which departed from a Native town in the Florida Panhandle on March 3, 1540, marked a significant exploration of the southeastern United States. Initially encountering the Apalachee, misnamed by contemporary scholars, the expedition navigated through various indigenous territories, including the provinces of Capachequi and Toasi. De Soto’s journey, chronicled by his men, highlighted the diverse and complex societies of the Native American tribes, including those along the Ocmulgee River. Subsequent European expeditions, like those of the French Huguenots in the mid-1560s, further explored these regions. These expeditions, along with the Richard Brigstock Expedition of 1653 and interactions with Carolina traders and during Queen Anne’s War, illustrate the profound impacts of European contact on Native American populations and the ensuing cultural and territorial shifts.

Ancestors of Charles W. Milliken of Barnstable, MA

Dr. Charles Warren Milliken, a prominent physician from Barnstable, MA, traces his lineage to early settlers like Hugh Mulliken and John Milliken, revealing a rich familial history entwined with significant events in the region. His ancestors, including notable figures such as Edward Milliken, were influential in local governance and community development. The Milliken family contributed to society through professions in farming, law, and medicine, culminating in Dr. Milliken’s distinguished medical career and involvement in various professional organizations.

Cushman Family of Acushnet, MA

The Cushman family, a branch of the historic clan from the Old Colony, has been integral to the industrial development of Acushnet, MA, for over fifty years. Founded by Emery Cushman, who began a wooden box manufacturing business in 1840, the lineage traces back to Robert Cushman, a key figure in the Pilgrim movement. The family’s narrative spans generations, showcasing contributions to local industry and community, with Emery’s descendants continuing his work after his death in 1884, thus preserving the legacy in Acushnet’s business landscape.

Captain Stewart, G. M. D. No. 655, Lagrange District

The document lists numerous individuals associated with Captain Stewart, G. M. D. No. 655 in the Lagrange District, highlighting a roster of names that includes Absalom Adams, James M. Adams, and various members of the Boman and Brooks families, among others. This extensive enumeration features diverse surnames and reflects a significant community involvement, likely in a historical context related to military or civil service in the district.

Captain McGehee, G. M. D. No. 673, Harrisonville District

The document lists individuals associated with Captain McGehee in the Harrisonville District, including various Allen, Bailey, and Johnston family members, as well as many others. Notable figures such as sheriff Bruster and esquire Glenn are mentioned among a significant number of residents, highlighting the community’s demographic during this period. This compilation of names serves as a historical record of local leadership and citizenry under McGehee’s command, reflecting the social structure and connections within the district.

The Natural Environment of Ocmulgee Bottoms

Beginning in the late 1500s and continuing through the late 1600s, European maps showed a large lake in central Georgia that received both the Ocmulgee and Oconee River. Its outlet was the Altamaha River, which the French called the May River. The memoirs of the commander of Fort Caroline, René de Laudonnière, wrote in his memoir that several expeditions which he dispatched in a northwestward direction from the fort, encountered a large shallow lake at the headwaters of the May. These expeditions continued northward across the lake in their canoes and then traveled up the Oconee River to the Kingdom of Apalache and then the Appalachian Mountains. No mention is made of the Ocmulgee River by Laudonnière, but it also appeared on later maps of the region, flowing into Lake Tama. Apparently someone, either French or Spanish did canoe northwestward across the shallow lake and travel up the Ocmulgee.

The Natural History of Ocmulgee Bottoms

Ocmulgee Bottoms is a corridor of the Ocmulgee River Flood Plain in the central region of the State of Georgia that begins at the Fall Line in Macon, GA and continues 38 miles southward to near Hawkinsville, GA. This region is located in Bibb, Twiggs, Houston, Bleckley and Pulaski Counties. The Ocmulgee River’s velocity slows dramatically upon entering the Bottoms and has a serpentine channel. Over the eons, the river here has meandered frequently across the breath of the flood plain, leaving hundreds of ponds and swamps, plus a deep layer of rich, alluvial soil. On top of the alluvial soil is from one to ten feet or red clay that was deposited during the period when cotton was cultivated in the Piedmont, upstream.

Geography of the Ocmulgee-Altamaha River Basin

Dahlonega Georgia in 1848

In April 1848, Dahlonega, Georgia, emerged as a significant gold mining hub following the forced removal of the Cherokee people. The state legislature divided the land into lottery lots, stirring excitement and ambition among prospectors. Despite its rich history, mining often resulted in losses rather than fortunes. The Dahlonega Mint, established in 1838, added legitimacy to the gold trade but faced challenges as the business waned. The area’s mining operations, largely transitioned from foreigners to local Georgians, remain characterized by both hard labor and tales of fortune—rarely achieved.

Plans for the Colonization and Defense of Apalache, 1675

On June 15, 1675, Governor D. Pablo de Yta Salazar reported to the Spanish Crown on the suitability of Apalache for settlement due to its fertile soil and agricultural potential. He emphasized the need for Spanish families to establish farms, which would bolster local defenses against English and French encroachment. Salazar proposed importing families from the Canary Islands and suggested that Indian weavers assist with cotton production. His letter also highlighted the urgent necessity for fortifications in the face of rising threats from nearby enemies.

A Visit to Track Rock in 1848

In April 1848, the author embarked on a two-day journey from Dahlonega to the Track Rock site in Georgia, spurred by curiosity about its unique rock formations with human and animal footprints. The trek, characterized by uneven terrain and vibrant wildlife, included an overnight stay with an impoverished yet hospitable farmer. Upon reaching Track Rock, the author found the site modest, consisting of varied tracks believed to be made by the Cherokee. The surrounding scenery was pleasant but not awe-inspiring, leading to reflections on local agricultural practices and the pursuit of gold.

Valley of Nacoochee, Georgia, April, 1848

In April 1848, the writer describes the Nacoochee Valley in Georgia, noting its picturesque river, surrounding hills, and cultivated landscapes. The valley, rich in beauty and tranquility, is home to two significant burial mounds linked to Cherokee legends. One tale recounts the heroic chief Kostoyeak, his love story, and battles, while another speaks of a beautiful maiden, Nacoochee, symbolizing the evening star. These narratives highlight the valley’s historical and cultural significance, alongside the writer’s poignant reflections on its serene atmosphere.

Ancient Tumuli on the Savannah River

In 1776, William Bartram explored the Savannah River, noting impressive ancient earthworks near Fort James, including a conical mound and terraced structures. Despite the passage of time and agricultural encroachment, the largest mound remained largely intact. Bartram speculated it may have served as a refuge or a temple for sun worship among the indigenous tribes, who were skilled agriculturalists. In recent visits, while many features eroded, evidence of ancient habitation and craftsmanship persisted, revealing the rich cultural history of the region’s early inhabitants.

Bird-Shaped Stone Tumult in Putnam County, Georgia

Bird shaped stone mound in Putnam County, Georgia Fig 1

In Putnam County, Georgia, archaeologists have identified two notable bird-shaped mounds, crafted entirely from locally sourced white quartz boulders. The first represents an eagle lying on its back, measuring 102 feet long with wings extending 120 feet. The second mound is similar in dimensions but features a bifurcated tail, suggesting it may depict another bird. These well-constructed structures, rich in local tradition and symbolism, contribute to the understanding of ancient Native American memorial practices, showcasing the enduring legacy of their craftsmanship.

Ancient Tumuli on the Oconee River

Along the left bank of the Oconee River in Greene County, Georgia, three ancient tumuli reveal a rich history of burial practices. The largest, characterized by its impressive truncated cone shape, stands 40 feet tall, and its surroundings yield evidence of extensive interments, including human bones and artifacts. Notably, the land has been altered by floods, which have exposed relics from previous occupants. Additional mounds nearby vary in size and shape, indicating a significant prehistoric presence in the area, though many structures have been diminished or destroyed by agricultural expansion.

Andrew Ayers Martin’s DNA Results

GedMatch Ethnicity Martha Payne Albertson

Andrew Ayers Martin provides an analysis of his DNA results, revealing stable proportions of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean ancestry and a small percentage of Amerindian DNA in his uncle. He shares his family’s long history in Northeast Georgia, including notable ancestors who contributed to local health and military efforts. While he anticipated some Native American heritage, the results predominantly indicate European ancestry, with significant Scandinavian and Southern European components. Martin reflects on his family’s story and the implications of their diverse heritage in the region.

What Happened to the Sephardic Jewish Colonists?

The post-colonial history of Sephardic Jewish communities in the Southern Piedmont and Appalachians remains largely speculative due to a lack of scientific study. Early Sephardic Jews were integrated into Southern society, often becoming successful professionals and intermarrying with Christians, leading to a gradual assimilation. Key figures, like Francis Salvador and David Yulee, emerged as political leaders. However, over time, many descendants lost touch with their Jewish heritage, possibly relocating to more favorable areas or converting to other faiths. This history contrasts sharply with more documented Jewish experiences in other regions.

The Relation of Nicholas Burgoignon

Nicholas Burgoignon, brought to England by Sir Francis Drake, recounts details from his six years in Florida. He describes several powerful caciques and mentions a wealthy city called La grand Copal, rich in precious gems. Burgoignon notes the importance of trade goods like hatchets and cotton for accessing these resources. He reports observations of Native Americans with gold adornments and the production of valuable sassafras. Despite Spanish interest in exploring these riches, the King has denied their requests, fearing competition from the English and French.

The Relation of Pedro Morales a Spaniard

Pedro Morales, recounting his six-year stay in Florida, shares insights about the region’s geography and resources. Notably, he mentions the Apalatci mountains, known for gold and crystal, and the Wateri river, capable of accommodating large fleets. He describes two local kings and the population’s struggles, as many indigenous subjects have been killed. Additionally, Morales highlights a rumored wealthy city, La grand Copal, and offers to explore it without pay, emphasizing the potential riches of the mountainous area nearby.

The Battle of Taliwa

The Battle of Taliwa is celebrated in Cherokee history as a great victory, allegedly led by teenager Nancy Ward against a Creek town. However, contemporary records and maps fail to confirm Taliwa’s existence, indicating Upper Creek dominance in northern Georgia until the Revolutionary War’s end. In reality, the conflict occurred post-war with mixed-blood raiders, not representing the Cherokee, facing American militia. Further research revealed no battle record, only earlier Cherokee defeats. This raises questions about the authenticity and historical context of the Cherokee narrative surrounding Taliwa.