Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico

Hodge, Frederick Webb, Compiler. The Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office. 1906.

F- Arizona Indian Villages, Towns and Settlements

A complete listing of all the Indian villages, towns and settlements as listed in Handbook of Americans North of Mexico. Four Mile Ruin. A prehistoric ruin on a branch of the Little Colorado, 4 m. from Snowflake, Navajo co., Ariz. The ruin was excavated in 1897 by the Bureau of American Ethnology, the mortuary deposit 1904. Fresnal (Span.: ash grove). A Papago village, probably in Pima co., s. Ariz.; pop. about 250 in 1863. Poston in Ind. Aff. Rep. 1863, 385, 1864.

F- Alaska Indian Villages, Towns and Settlements

A complete listing of all the Indian villages, towns and settlements as listed in Handbook of Americans North of Mexico. Fetkina. A Chnagmiut village on the n. arm of the Yukon delta, Alaska; pop. 30 in 1880. Petroff in 10th Census, Alaska, 111, 1884. Fetutlin. A Hankutchin village of 106 people on upper Yukon r., Alaska, near the mouth of Forty-mile cr. Petroff, 10th Census, Alaska, map, 1884. Fort Yukon. A Kutchakutchin village and trading post of 107 inhabitants at the junction of Yukon and Porcupine rs., Alaska. Petroff in 10th Census, Alaska, 62, 1884. Fotshou’s Village. A summer camp … Read more

Eyeish Tribe

Eyeish Indians. A tribe of the Caddo confederacy which spoke a dialect, now practically extinct, very different from the dialects of the other tribes; hence it is probable they were part of an older confederacy which was incorporated in the Caddo when the latter became dominant. The early home of  the tribe was on Eyeish Creek between the Sabine and Neches rivers of Texas.  Moscoso led the troops through their country in 1542, encountering herds of buffalo. From the statements of Joutel and Douay, the Eyeish were not on good terms with the tribes west of them on the Trinity, … Read more

Etowah Mound

Etowah Mound – A large artificial mound on the N. bank of Etowah r., 3 m. s. E. of Cartersville, Bartow co., Ga. With 4 or 5 smaller mounds it is on a level bottom in a bend of the stream, the immediate area, covering about 56 acres, flanked on one side by an artificial ditch that extends in a semicircle from a point on the river above to the river below. The large mound, which is a quadrilateral truncated pyramid, 61 ft. high, has a broad roadway ascending the s. side to within 18 or 20 ft. of the … Read more

Etheneldeli Tribe

Etheneldeli Indians, Etheneldeli Nation (‘caribou-eaters’). An Athapascan tribe living east of Lake Caribou and Lake Athabasca, in the barren grounds which extend to Hudson Bay Franklin placed them between Athabasca and Great Slave lakes and Churchill river, whence they resorted to Ft Chipewyan. Ross makes them apart of the eastern Tinne, their habitat being to the north and east of the head of Lake Athabasca, extending to the end of Great Slave Lake. Rocky river separates them from the Tatsanottine. In the east are the barren grounds to which they resort every year to hunt the caribou, which supplies practically all … Read more

Etchareottine Tribe

Etchareottine Indians, Etchareottine Nation (‘people dwelling in the shelter’). An Athapascan tribe occupying the country of Great Slave lake and upper Mackenzie river to the Rocky mountains, including the lower Liard valley, British America. Their range extends from Hay river to Ft Good Hope, and they once lived on the shores of Lake Athabasca and in the forests stretching northward to Great Slave lake. They were a timid, pacific people, called ‘the people sheltered by willows’ by the Chipewyan, indicating a riparian fisher folk. Their Cree neighbors, who harried and plundered them and carried them off into bondage, called them Awokanak, … Read more

Esselen Tribe

Esselen Indians. A tribe of Californian Indians, constituting the Esselenian family, most of the members of which on the founding of Carmelo mission, near Monterey, in 1770, were brought under civilizing influences, resulting, as was the case with the Indians at all the Californian missions, their rapid decrease . A portion of the tribe seems to have been taken, to the mission at Soledad, for Arroyo de la Cuesta in 1821 says of an Esselen vocabulary obtained by himself, “Huelel language of Soledad; it is from the Esselenes, who are already few.” The original territory of the Esselen lay along … Read more

Eskimo Tribal Histories

Eskimo American aborigines, forming part of the Eskimauan linguistic stock, which formerly occupied nearly all the coasts and islands of Arctic America from E. Greenland and the N. end of Newfoundland to the westernmost Aleutian ids., even extending to the E. coast of Siberia a distance of more than 5,000 m . From remains found in Smith sd. it is evident that bands formerly wintered as far n. as lat. 79° and had summer camps up to 82°. At the present time they have re ceded from this extreme range and in the S. have abandoned the N. shore of … Read more

Erie Tribe

A populous sedentary Iroquoian tribe, inhabiting in the 17th century the territory extending south from Lake Erie probably to Ohio river, east to the lands of the Conestoga along the east watershed of Allegheny river and to those of the Seneca along the line of the west watershed of Genesee river, and north to those of the Neutral Nation, probably on a line running eastward from the head of Niagara river (for the Jesuit Relation for 1640-41 says that the territory of the Erie and their allies joined that of the Neutral Nation at the end of Lake Erie), and west to the west watershed of Lake Erie and Miami river to Ohio river.

Eno Tribe

The Eno Indians, a tribe associated with the Adshusheer and Shakori in 17th-century North Carolina, were likely of Siouan linguistic stock, although their distinct physical traits and habits led to some doubts regarding their classification. First mentioned in 1654, the Eno, along with the Shakori, lived near present-day Durham and Hillsboro, North Carolina, with their primary village, Adshusheer, located along the Eno River. By 1701, the Eno, Shakori, and Adshusheer had formed a confederation, with the Shakori emerging as the dominant group. Over time, the Eno, like other small tribes, faced pressure from European colonization and warfare, eventually migrating southward and becoming absorbed into larger groups like the Catawba or Saponi by the early 18th century. Their unique customs, including round homes made of interwoven branches plastered with mud, and their distinctive cultural practices set them apart from neighboring tribes. The Eno name endures in local geographic features like the Eno River in North Carolina and possibly the Enoree River in South Carolina.

English Influence on Indians

The first English visitors to the coast of Virginia-Carolina were well received by the Indians, whom the early chroniclers, as Hariot, for example, describe as peaceful and amiable people. So, too, were in the beginning the natives of the New England coast, but in 1605 Capt. Weymouth forcibly carried off five Indians, and he soon had many imitators. The good character ascribed by Pastor Cushman in 1620 to the Indians of Plymouth colony was forgotten when theological zeal saw in the aborigines of the New World “the accursed seed of Canaan,” which it was the duty of good Christians to … Read more

Elephant Mound

Elephant Mound – A noted effigy mound, 4 m. s. of Wyalusing, Grant co., Wis., first brought to public notice in 1872 through a pencil sketch and brief description by Jared Warner (Smithson. Rep.1872, 1873). From its massive form and an apparent prolongation of the nose, sup posed to be a part of the original mound, giving the tumulus a slight resemblance to an elephant, the name Elephant Mound was applied to it. Although frequently mentioned and illustrated, the figures are copies of Warner s sketch, no reexamination having been made until Nov., 1884, when the Bureau of American Ethnology … Read more

Eel River Indians

The Eel River Indians were a part of the Miami, formerly living in Indiana. Their village was at Thorntown, Boone County, where they had a reservation, which was sold in 1828, the band removing to the Miami Reservation between the Wabash and Eel rivers, in Miami County. They afterward shared the general fortunes of the tribe.

Eastern Niantic Tribe

Niantic Indians (contr. of Naïantukq-ut ‘at a point of land on a [tidal] river or estuary.’ Trumbull) An Algonquian tribe formerly occupying the coast of Rhode Island from Narragansett Bay to about the Connecticut state line.  Their principal village, Wekapaug, was on the great pond near Charlestown.  They were closely connected with the Narraganset forming practically one tribe with them. By refusing to join in King Philip’s war in 1675 they preserved their territory and tribal organization and at the close of the war the Narraganset who submitted to the English were placed with the Niantic under Ninigret, and the … Read more

Earth Lodge

Earth lodge. A dwelling partly under ground, circular in form, from 30 to 60 ft in diameter, with walls about 6 ft high, on which rested a dome-shaped roof with an opening in the center to afford light within and to permit the egress of smoke. The entrance was a passageway projecting from 6 to 14 ft long. The method of construction was first to draw a circle on the ground and excavate the earth within it from 2 to 4 ft deep. About 1 ft within the circle were set crotched posts some 8 or 10 ft apart, on … Read more

Early Governmental Policy Concerning Indians

Governmental policy – The policy of the several governments toward the Indians and their methods of pursuing it were often at variance, and therefore should not be confused. The policy itself may have been just, equitable, and humane, while the method of carrying it into effect by those to whom this duty was entrusted was sometimes unjust, oppressive, and dishonest. The governments, other than those of the United States and the colonies, which have had control of parts of the territory N. of Mexico are Great Britain, France, Spain, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Al though the policy adopted … Read more

E- Unknown Location Indian Villages, Towns and Settlements

A complete listing of all the Indian villages, towns and settlements as listed in Handbook of Americans North of Mexico. Eastern Indians. A collective term a plied by the early New England writers to all the tribes N. E. of Merrimac r. It is used by Hubbard as early as 1680. These tribes, including the Pennacook, Abnaki, Malecite, and Micmac, were generally in the French interest and hostile to the English. (J. M.) Ehouae (one battered it. Hewitt). A village of the Tionontati existing in 1640. Ehressaronon. The Huron name of a tribe mentioned by Ragueneau in 1640 as living … Read more

E- Texas Indian Villages, Towns and Settlements

A complete listing of all the Indian villages, towns and settlements as listed in Handbook of Americans North of Mexico. Ebahamo. An extinct tribe formerly dwelling on Matagorda bay, Tex. La Salle constructed his Ft St Louis within the territory of this tribe and of the Quelanhubeches, or Karankawa, who probably were a cognate people. Joutel (1687) states in his narrative (French, Hist. Coll. La., i, 134, 1846) that La Salle recorded a vocabulary of their language, which is very different from that of the Cenis (Caddo) and more difficult; that they were neighbors and allies of the latter people … Read more

E- Tennessee Indian Villages, Towns and Settlements

A complete listing of all the Indian villages, towns and settlements as listed in Handbook of Americans North of Mexico. Echota (corruption of Itsǎ´tĭ, meaning unknown). The name of several Cherokee towns. (1) the most important often distinguished as Great Echota was on the s. side of Little Tennessee r., a short distance below Citico cr., in Monroe co., Tenn. It was the ancient capital and sacred “peace town” of the nation. At that place there is a large mound. (2) Little Echota was on Sautee (Itsâ′tĭ) cr., a head-stream of the Chattahoochee, w. of Clarkesville, Ga. (3) New Echota, … Read more