Important Eras And Dates Interesting Events In Indian History 544-1863.
| A. D. | |
| 544 | The Toltecs, according to ancient traditions, commenced their migration from the north to the vale of Anahuac, or Mexico. |
| 648 | The Toltecs arrived at Tollantzinco, in Anahuac. |
| 982 | Eirek the Red discovered Greenland, and planted a colony there. |
| 985 | Biarni Heriulfson discovered the American coast. |
| 1008 | Thorfmn Karlsefni planted a colony in New England. |
| 1051 | The Toltecs destroyed by a pestilence. |
| 1070 | The barbarous nation of the Chichimecas succeeded the Toltecs. |
| 1170 | The Nahuatlacas, or Seven Tribes, among whom were the Aztecs, commenced their migration from the north. |
| 1325 | The Aztecs founded the city of ancient Mexico. |
| 1492 | Oct. 12. Columbus landed at Guanahani, or Cat Island, on his first voyage of discovery. |
| 1498 | Columbus first touched the shores of South America, and held intercourse with the Arawaks. |
| 1500 | Jan. 26. Vicente Pinzon landed near Cape St. Augustine, at the eastern extremity of South America, and took formal possession. |
| 1501 | Portuguese discoverers, under Vespucius, landed at Brazil. |
| 1509 | Juan de Solis slain by the natives at the estuary of La Plata. |
| 1518 | L. Velasquez de Ayllon landed on the Carolina coast in search of Indian slaves and gold. |
| 1519 | Nov. 8. Cortez entered the city of Mexico, and held his first inter view with the Emperor Montezuma |
| 1520 | Night of July 1. The “Noche Triste,” on which the Spaniards made their disastrous retreat from the city of Mexico. |
| 1521 | Towards the close of May, the Spaniards, with reinforcements, having again advanced upon the Aztec capital, laid close siege to it. |
| 1521 | Aug. 13. Gautimozin, successor to Montezuma, was taken prisoner, and the city fell into the power of the Spanish invaders. |
| 1524 | Nov. Francisco Pizarro sailed on his first expedition to Peru. |
| 1528 | Expedition of Pamphilo de Narvaez to Florida, with a party of four hundred men. About forty horses were landed the first ever seen by the natives. |
| 1531 | Pizarro landed and established himself in Peru. |
| 1532 | Nov. 15. Entry of Pizarro into Caxamalca, and first interview of his officers with the Inca, Atahuallpa. |
| 1532 | Nov. 16. Horrible massacre of the Indians, and seizure of the Inca. |
| 1533 | Aug. 29. Atahuallpa infamously put to death, by the garrotte. |
| 1533 | Nov. Entry of the Spaniards into Cuzco, the capital of Peru. |
| 1535 | Almagros expedition into Chili. |
| 1538 | May. Fernando de Soto landed at Tampa Bay. The bloody scenes attendant upon the conquest of Florida ensued. |
| 1540 | Pedro Valdivia s invasion of Chili. |
| 1552 | His progress through Arauco. |
| 1553 | Dec. 3. Great battle between the Spaniards and the Araucanians, in which the latter, under Caupolican, gained a signal victory. |
| 1555 | The Spanish town of Conception attacked and destroyed by the Araucanians, under Lautaro. |
| 1556 | Lautaro surprised and slain by Villagran. |
| 1558 | Expedition of Garcia de Mendoza to the archipelago of Chiloe. |
| 1562 | French refugees settled peaceably among the Indians on the St. Johns river, Florida. |
| 1584 | Amidas and Barlow opened a friendly intercourse with the Virginia Indians. |
| 1585 | Those belonging to Sir Richard Grenvilles expedition to Virginia commenced outrages and hostilities, which resulted in the destruction of several successive colonies. |
| 1595 | Raleigh entered the Orinoco, and held intercourse with the natives. |
| 1598 | Nov. Great rising of the Chilians, under the Toqui Paillamachu: expulsion of the Spaniards from the Araucanian territory. |
| 1606 | Bartholomew Gosnolls expedition to Virginia, with which the celebrated Captain John Smith was connected. |
| 1608 | June. Smith s exploration of the Chesapeake; his first meeting with the Massawomekes, or Iroquois |
| 1608 | In the autumn of this year, Powhatan was formally crowned the regalia having been sent over from England. |
| 1608 | Dec. Powhatan s conspiracy against Smith and his party, and their preservation by Pocahontas |
| 1613 | Pocahontas seized and detained by Captain Argall |
| 1613 | April . Marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe. |
| 1614 | Thomas Hunt landed at Monhegan, and enticed twenty-four Indians on board his vessel, whom he carried to Europe as slaves. |
| 1617 | Pocahontas died, at Gravesend, in England |
| 1618 | Powhatan died. |
| 1620 | Nov. 9. The May-Flower arrived |
| 1620 | ” Dec. 8. First skirmish of the N. England settlers with the natives. |
| 1620 | Dec. 22. Their landing at Plymouth. |
| 1621 | March 22. Treaty between the Plymouth settlers and Massasoit. |
| 1622 | March 22. Great massacre of the Virginia settlers by the Indians, set on by Opechancanough: three hundred and forty-seven killed. |
| 1625 | Great battle with the Caribs on the island of St. Christopher,two thousand of that nation destroyed. |
| 1628 | Firearms extensively diffused among the Indians of New England, by Dutch traders and one Thomas Morton. |
| 1637 | The Pequod War broke out: siege of the English garrison at Saybrook. |
| 1637 | June 5. A little before day the Pequod fort attacked and destroyed; barbarous destruction of women and children. |
| 1640 | Peace concluded between the Spanish colonists under Francisco Zuniga, and the Araucanians. |
| 1643 | Miantonimo put to death by, Uncas. |
| 1644 | Second Virginia massacre, planned by Opechancanough |
| 1653 | The nation of the Eries exterminated by the Iroquois. |
| 1662 | Philip, or Metacomet, succeeded his brother Alexander. |
| 1665 | Peace again concluded between the Spaniards and Araucanians. |
| 1675 | June 24, O. S. First blood shed in King Philip s war. |
| 1675 | Dec. 19. Destruction of the Narragansett fort |
| 1676 | Aug. 12. Philip killed by an Indian of Captain Church s party. |
| 1676 | Aug. Capture of Annawon, by Church, and end of the war. |
| 1682 | Dec. First treaty of William Penn with the Delawares. |
| 1688 | Invasion of Canada, and attack on Montreal by the Iroquois |
| 1710 | First deputation of Iroquois chiefs to the court of Queen Anne. |
| 1711 | Sept. 22. Massacre of whites in North Carolina by the Tuscaroras. |
| 1713 | March 26. The Tuscarora fort on Tar river destroyed by Colonel Moore eight hundred prisoners taken. |
| 1713 | Union of the main body of the Tuscaroras with the Iroquois. |
| 1729 | Nov. 30. Massacre of the French inhabitants of Natchez, by the Natchez Indians. |
| 1738 | Nearly one half of the Cherokees destroyed by the small pox. |
| 1749 | Singular intrigues of the Reverend Thomas Bosomworth and his wife, the half-breed, Mary Musgrove, among the Creeks. |
| 1750 | Settlement of difficulties between Spanish and Portuguese colonies on the river La Plata: thirty thousand Guarani Indians expatriated. |
| 1755 | July 9. Disastrous defeat of General Braddock, by the French and Indians, a few miles from Fort Duquesne. |
| 1759 | Winter. War between the Cherokees and the British colonists. |
| 1760 | Spring. Colonel Montgomerys expedition against the Cherokees: destruction of all their towns east of the Blue Ridge. |
| 1761 | Spring. Colonel Grant s campaign against the Cherokees: their reduction, and the ravage of their towns in the interior. |
| 1763 | May. Siege of Detroit commenced by Pontiac. |
| July 30 Battle of Bloody Bridge, and terrible destruction of English troops under Captain Dalyell, by Pontiac and his warriors. | |
| 1773 | Peace concluded between the Spaniards and the Araucanians. |
| 1774 | . In the spring of this year commenced the bloody war in Western Virginia and Pennsylvania, known as Cresaps war. |
| 1774 | Oct. 10. Great battle at Point Pleasant, mouth of the Kanawha. |
| 1777 | July. Battle of Oriskany; General Herkimer mortally wounded. |
| 1778 | July 4. Destruction of the settlements in the valley of Wyoming. |
| 1778 | Nov. Massacre at Cherry Valley. |
| 1779 | Sept. General Sullivan s campaign against the Iroquois: destruction of all their towns, crops, fruit trees, and stores. |
| 1780. | Aug. Ravage of a portion of the Mohawk valley, by Brant. |
| 1781 | Great insurrection of the Peruvian Indians, under Tupac Amaru. |
| 1781 | June. Grand council of war held by the western tribes. |
| 1781 | Defeat of Colonels Todd, Trigg, and party, near the Blue Licks. ” Indian towns of Chilicothe, Pecaway, &c., destroyed by Gen. Clarke. |
| 1785 | Brant visited England, and was received with flattering attention. |
| 1786 | Dec. Grand Council of western Indians at Huron Village. |
| 1791 | Autumn. Unsuccessful expedition of General Harmar |
| 1791 | ” Nov. 4. Disastrous defeat of General St. Clair, by the Indians, under Little Turtle, near the Miami. |
| 1794 | Aug. 20. Battle of Presque Isle, in which the western Indians, under Blue Jacket, were signally defeated by General Wayne |
| 1804 | Elskwatawa, the prophet, brother of Tecumseh, engaged in intrigues among the tribes of the west. |
| 1809 | Sept. Cession of lands on the Wabash, obtained by General Harrison from the Indians. |
| 1810 | Departure of Tecumseh southward, for the purpose of rousing up the Creeks, Cherokees, &c. |
| 1811 | Night of Nov. 6. Battle at the Prophet s Town, in which Elskwatawa s forces were defeated and dispersed by General Harrison. |
| 1813 | Aug. 30. Sack of Fort Mimms, in the Tensau settlement, by the great Creek warrior Weatherford, with fifteen hundred Indians. |
| 1813 | Oct. 5. Battle of the Thames: the great Indian chief Tecumseh killed. |
| 1813 | Nov. 29. Battle of Autosse; destruction of two hundred Indians by General Floyd s forces, aided by Indian allies led by MIntosh. |
| 1814 | March 27. Battle of Horse-shoe Bend, in the Tallapoosie: the Creeks and other southern Indians defeated by General Jackson. |
| 1823 | Sept. 18. Treaty of Moultrie Creek, by which the Seminoles were to remove within certain limits. |
| 1829 | Dec. 20. Acts passed by the Georgia legislature, annulling the Cherokee laws, and infringing upon the rights of that people. |
| 1830 | July. Treaty at Prairie du Chien, with the Sacs and Foxes, Iowas, Sioux, &c. concerning cession of lands east of the Mississippi. |
| 1831 | June. General Games expedition to compel removal of the Sacs. |
| 1832 | May 8. Treaty of Payne s Landing, by the provisions of which the Seminoles were to remove west of the Mississippi. |
| 1832 | May 14. Defeat of Major Stillman and his forces, by Black Hawk. |
| 1832 | Aug. 2. Black-Hawk s forces defeated by General Atkinson. |
| 1832 | 27. Surrender of Black -Hawk and the Prophet. |
| 1835 | Oct. The Florida war commenced. |
| 1835 | Dec. Treaty of New Echota with the Cherokees, (known as Schermerhorns treaty) upon the subject of removal of that nation west of the Mississippi. |
| 1835 | Dec. 28. Destruction of Dade s detachment, by the Seminoles. |
| 1836 | March 14. Schermerhorn s treaty with the Cherokees ratified by Congress. |
| 1836 | Spring. General Scott s campaign in Florida. |
| 1837 | Jan. 22. General Jessup moved southward towards the everglades in pursuit of the Seminoles. |
| 1838 | Oct. 3. Black-Hawk died, at the age of 73. |
| 1842 | The Florida war at an end: several hundred Indians transported west of the Mississippi. |
| 1850 | Hostilities renewed with the remaining Seminoles, under Billy Bowlegs, in Florida. |
| 1856 | War with the Oregon Indians. |
| 1856 | Peace concluded. Treaties made with the various tribes. |
| 1857 | Annihilation of Indians through U. S. troops under Gen. Harney. |
| 1857 | Massacre of settlers in Minnesota. |
| 1858 | Billy Bowlegs and thirty Warriors, give themselves up to the U. States, and agree to settle west of the Mississippi. |
| 1858 | Renewal of hostilities with the Oregon Indians. |
| 1862 | Sioux Massacre in Minnesota. |
| 1863 | Sioux Massacre in Minnesota. |