Yankton Indians (ihanke ‘end,’ ton’wan ‘village ‘end village’). One of the 7 primary divisions of the Dakota, constituting, with the closely related Yanktonai, the middle group. J. O. Dorsey arranged the Dakota-Assiniboin in 4 dialectic groups: Santee, Yankton, Teton, and Assiniboin, the Yankton dialect being spoken also by the Yanktonai, for the 2 tribes were the outgrowth of one original stem. Although the name Yankton was known earlier than Yanktonai, it does not follow that the Yankton were the elder tribe. Long 1 speaks of the Yankton as descendants of the Yanktonai. The Assiniboin, who were an offshoot from the Yanktonai, are mentioned in the Jesuit Relation for 1640 as a tribe; hence the Yanktonai must have been in existence as a tribe before that time. This fact serves as an aid in tracing back the Yankton both historically and geographically. However, the name Yankton and some of its synonyms appear early to have been used to include the 2 tribes, the distinction probably not then being known. The first mention of them is on Hennepin’s map (1683), on which they are placed directly north of Mille Lac, Minn., in the region of Leech lake or Red lake. This position would accord geographically with the withdrawal of the Assiniboin to the Cree.
In the account of Hennepin’s expedition attributed to Tonti (1697), they are mentioned in connection with the Santee, Teton, and Sioux, located about the headwaters of the Mississippi. Both these references would seem to apply as well to the Yanktonai as to the Yankton; it is probable that both are referred to under one general name. La Chesnaye (1697) included them among the tribes that dwelt north of Mille Lac, and placed them north of the Santee and other Sioux. Le Sueur (1700), however, speaks of a village or tribe of the western Sioux, 2 the Hinhanetons, identified by Shea, probably correctly, with the Yankton, which he calls the “village of the quarry of red stone.” If this refers, as is maintained by Williamson, to the pipestone quarry in extreme southwest Minnesota, it would indicate a sudden change of residence, unless the references are in one place to one and in another to the other tribe, or apply to different villages or bands. Williamson 3 considered the Hinhanetons a part only of the Yankton. There are indications that a westward movement took place about the time Le Sueur visited that region.
On De l’Isle’s map of 1708 the Yankton are placed on the east bank of the Missouri, about the site of Sioux City, Iowa. For about a century they dropped almost entirely from history, there being scarcely a notice of them except as included in the general term Sioux. When they were again brought to notice by Lewis and Clark (1804) they had shifted but little from the position they occupied at the beginning of the previous century. According to these explorers they roamed over the regions of the James, Big Sioux, and Des Moines rivers. Lewis, in his Statistical View, locates them on James, Big and Little Sioux, Floyd, and Des Moines rivers., an area that includes the district of the pipestone quarry, where Le Sueur placed them. From this time they became an important factor in the history of the northwest Long (1823) says that they are in every respect similar to the Yanktonai and had probably separated from them. They frequented the Missouri and generally trafficked with the traders on that river. Their hunting rounds were east of the Missouri. Drake (1848) located them in 1836 about the headwaters of Red river of the North.
According to the Report on Indian Affairs for 1842 and a statement by Ramsey in 1849 they lived along Vermillion river, South Dakota. At the time of the Minnesota outbreak in 1862 their head chief, Palaneapape, wisely kept them from joining the hostiles, and sent warning to the white people in Dakota to flee to the forts, thereby saving hundreds of lives. By the treaty of Washington Apr. 19, 1858, they ceded all their lands in South Dakota, excepting a reservation on the north bank of Missouri river, where they have since remained in peace with the whites. Immediately after the allotment act of 1887 the process of allotments in severalty began on this reservation and was completed before the close of 1890.
Lewis, in his Statistical View (1807), says the Yankton are the best disposed Sioux who rove on the banks of the Missouri, but they would not suffer any trader at that date to ascend the river if they could prevent it. Lewis and Clark describe them as being in person stout, well proportioned, and exhibiting a certain air of dignity and boldness. Their dress is described as differing in no respect from that of other bands encountered. They had then only a few guns, being generally armed with bows and arrows, in the use of which they did not appear as expert as the more northerly Indians. Pike describes them and the Yanktonai as never stationary, but, like the Teton, as more erratic than other Sioux. Lewis (1807) estimated their number at 700. Pike (1807) estimated the population of the Yankton and Yanktonai at 4,300. The Report on Indian Affairs for 1842 gives the Yankton a population of 2,500; in 1862 the estimate was 3,000; in 1867, 2,530; in1886,1,776. Their present number is not definitely known, the Yankton and the Yanktonai being seemingly confused on the different Sioux reservations. Most of the Indians under the Yankton school, South Dakota, are Yankton, and numbered in all 1,739 in 1909. There were also about 100 under the Fort Totten school, North Dakota, a few under the Crow Creek school, South Dakota, and a few others under the Lower Brule school, South Dakota. The so-called Yankton on the Fort Peck reservation, Mont., are really Yanktonai.
- Houses of the Yankton Tribe
- Catholic Sioux Herald Newspaper 1896-1912
By the treaty of Washington Apr. 19, 1858, the Yankton Sioux ceded all their lands in South Dakota, excepting a reservation on the north bank of Missouri river, where they have since remained in peace with the whites. Rev. Jerome Hunt and the St. Paul's Catholic Indian Mission of the Yankton Tribe of the Sioux Indians, at Fort Trotten, published the S'ina sapa wocekiye taeyanpaha (short name of Eyanpaha) for at least the years of 1896-1912 in the Yankton Sioux native language and in English. This newspaper, who's English translation of it's name means the Catholic Sioux Herald was published for the Yankton Sioux residing on the reservation about Fort Trotten. Many of the issues from this newspaper have been retained and are presented below. Some of these are labelled as "supplements." You'll have to scrounge around a little to find articles in the English language, but they do exist.
Yankton Bands
The bands as given by J. O. Dorsey (1878) are as follows:
- Chankute
- Chagu
- Wakmuhaoin
- Ihaisdaye
- Wacheunpa
- Ikmun
- Oyateshicha
- Washichunchincha
Culbertson 4 mentions a “Band who do not cook,” and another ” Who eat no geese,” which can not be identified with any of these divisions; and Schoolcraft 5 incorrectly makes Wahnaataa, the name of one of the Yankton bands.
Yankton Indian Rolls and Census
Free US Indian Census Schedules 1885-1940
- Yankton Agency
- 1885-1887 Yankton Agency Census
- 1890 Yankton Agency Census
- 1892-1894 Yankton Agency Census
- 1895-1905 Yankton Agency Census
- 1906-1907 Yankton Agency Census
- 1909-1911 Yankton Agency Census
- 1913-1917 Yankton Agency Census
- 1918-1920 Yankton Agency Census
- 1921-1924 Yankton Agency Census
- 1925-1927 Yankton Agency Census
- 1928-1929 Yankton Agency Census
- 1930-1931 Yankton Agency Census
Citations:
- Exped. St. Peter’s R., 1, 378, 1824[↩]
- Margry, Dec., vi, 87, 1887[↩]
- Minn. Hist. Coll., 1, 296, 1860[↩]
- Smithson. Rep. 1850, 141, 1851[↩]
- Ind. Tribes, III, 612, 1853[↩]
