Palouse

Yakima Malcontents of 1856

In 1856, the Yakima malcontents, notably Kamiaken and his allies, instigated unrest among various tribes, prompting military action from U.S. forces. Kamiaken, a notable leader known for his oratory and strength, sought to rally tribes against white supremacy but ultimately faced defeat. The subsequent military campaign led by Colonel Wright resulted in significant Indian losses and the capture or destruction of their resources. Ultimately, peace was coerced through hostilities, resulting in treaties that restructured tribal alignments and settled the Northwest for years to come.

War with the Spokan, Coeur d’Alene, and Pelouse

In the spring of 1858, tensions escalated between U.S. troops and previously peaceful tribes, notably the Spokanes, Coeur d’Alenes, and Pelouses, following the murder of miners by Pelouse Indians. Colonel Steptoe’s expedition aimed to address unrest near the Colville mines. Unexpectedly confronted by around 1,200 warriors, Steptoe attempted to negotiate peace but was met with aggression, leading to a retreat under fire. Despite heavy losses, the troops managed to escape, revealing deep-rooted discontent among the tribes, partly stemming from unratified treaties and misinformation.

Indian Battles For The Past Year and The Officers Engaged

The General Orders from November 10, 1858, detail significant military engagements with Native American tribes in the past year, particularly highlighting Colonel Wright’s expeditions. Notable actions include victories at Four Lakes and engagements with the Spokan, Coeur d’Alene, and other tribes, where the troops demonstrated remarkable gallantry and suffered minimal losses. Key officers were recognized for their bravery and effectiveness. The triumphs not only showcased military prowess but contributed to the submission of hostile tribes, marking a decisive period in the campaign against Native American resistance.

Battle of Spokane Plains Official Report

Colonel Wright’s official report details the Battle of Spokane Plains, fought on September 5, 1858, against a coalition of Spokan, Coeur d’Alene, Pelouse, and Pend Oreille warriors. His troops, numbering approximately 500, endured a day-long engagement, advancing through difficult terrain while facing fire and smoke from burning prairie grass. Though the battle was arduous, with continuous skirmishing over fourteen miles, Wright praised the gallantry and perseverance of his men. The conflict resulted in substantial enemy losses, while his forces suffered only one minor injury.

Battle of Four Lakes Official Report

On September 1, 1858, Colonel Wright led his troops in a decisive victory against the Spokan, Coeur d’Alene, and Pelouze Indians during the Battle of Four Lakes. The engagement began with a strategic advance to drive the Indians from a hilltop. With coordinated efforts, Wright’s forces, including dragoons, artillery, and Nez Percé allies, successfully charged and dispersed the enemy without sustaining any casualties. The report commended the gallantry and skill of the officers and soldiers involved, highlighting their effective combat tactics and teamwork.

Conclusions of the Pacific Indian War

The Pacific Indian War campaign is noted for its exceptional outcomes, including minimal losses—only two deaths from poison and one battlefield injury. The disciplined troops and superior weaponry ensured the subjugation of previously defiant tribes, with key chiefs eliminated or in hiding. This victory has opened vast lands for settlement, promising safety for future farmers and miners. The campaign’s success is credited to the strategic foresight of General Clarke and the decisive leadership of Colonel Wright, whose effective coordination displayed remarkable military skill and discipline among the soldiers.

Return to Fort Taylor

On October 1st, Captain Keyes’ command departed from Pelouze River and returned to Fort Taylor, where they received a warm welcome. After brief goodbyes to Lieutenants Mullan and Owen, Colonel Wright’s forces arrived, leading to further orders redirecting their march to Fort Vancouver. The troops endured cold weather, conducted inspections, and honored fallen comrades with a solemn burial ceremony, while also dealing with local tribes. Ultimately, they completed a rigorous campaign, having marched over 760 miles within three months and nine days.

Pelouze (Palouse) Council

On September 26-30, a military unit embarked on a challenging march, encountering remnants of Indian lodges and harsh weather. They camped along the Pelouze River, noting signs of past conflicts, including arrowheads. A council was convened with the Pelouze Indians, during which the Colonel issued stern demands regarding peace, accountability for past crimes, and the terms for future treaties. The session concluded dramatically, with the execution of a murderer and several marauders, underscoring the tense relations between the military and local tribes.

Dead of the Battlefield

A small force was dispatched to Colonel Steptoe’s battlefield to recover the remains of fallen soldiers and retrieve howitzers buried nearby. Major Griers led the contingent, which included officers and guides. They found the scene of past conflict marked by scattered bones, remnants of the battle’s brutality. The remains of two officers were identified and retrieved, while a makeshift cross was erected as a memorial. Amid these somber duties, tensions with local tribes escalated, leading to punitive actions against captured Indians associated with the conflict.

Owhi and Qualchien

Chief Owhi

Chief Owhi, brother-in-law of Kamiaken, initially sought peace but opposed land treaties at the Walla Walla council, citing divine laws. Following his defeat, he conspired with Kamiaken and Qualchien, his son, to instigate hostilities. Owhi’s stern reception by Colonel Wright led to his imprisonment, while Qualchien, known for his violent exploits, was captured and executed. Owhi later attempted to escape but was fatally shot. The deaths of both chiefs are believed to have significantly contributed to restoring peace in the region.

Spokan Council

On September 22, Colonel Wright’s forces marched through a varied landscape, encountering Spokan leaders who expressed fear of surrendering to the whites. Notably, the formidable chief Kamiaken, a significant adversary of settlers, evaded capture. The following day, a council convened, where Wright promised peace to the Spokans and other tribes willing to negotiate terms. Chiefs like Gearry and Milcapzy participated, ultimately signing the treaty, signaling an intent to abide by the agreement and fostering hopes for future peace among the tribes.

Coeur d’Alene Council

The Coeur d’Alene tribe, known for their fierce resistance to white encroachment, reluctantly attended a council with Colonel Wright, marking a significant moment in their history. Vincent, their chief, acknowledged their past transgressions and sought peace. Colonel Wright demanded conditions for peace, which were accepted by the Coeur d’Alenes and Nez Percé chief, promoting unity and resuming trade. While the council aimed to settle tensions, mourning and uncertainty lingered among the tribes, highlighting the complexities of their situation amidst ongoing hostilities.

Coeur d’Alene Mission

On September 10, an Indian runner delivered a message from Father Joset to Colonel Wright, indicating the Coeur d’Alene Indians desired peace and sought the priest’s intercession. The destruction of their horses by the troops severely impacted the tribe. As they marched toward the Coeur d’Alene Mission, the soldiers encountered rich natural resources and noted the area’s beauty. By September 16, the mission’s priests communicated that many Indians were afraid to approach the whites for peace, but some began to return, influenced by their leaders’ reassurance.

Battle of Spokane Plains

In the aftermath of a brutal engagement at Spokane Plains, Colonel Wright’s forces regrouped before advancing against the Nez Percé and their allies. On September 5th, they encountered a formidable Indian force, which ignited the prairie to conceal their movements. The troops, showcasing discipline and modern armament, counter-attacked, breaking the Indian lines and driving them into the woods. As skirmishes continued, Wright’s men captured horses and destroyed enemy supplies. The defeat demoralized the Spokan tribes, prompting some leaders to seek peace with Wright following their losses.

Battle of Four Lakes

On August 27, a military column departed the river, facing a challenging march toward the Coeur d’Alene Mountains. As they advanced, skirmishes with the Nez Percé and Spokane tribes began to unfold. By September 1, the troops encountered a large Native American force near four lakes. A skirmish ensued, showcasing new weaponry and disciplined tactics that ultimately led to the enemy’s retreat. Remarkably, the soldiers suffered no casualties, while the Indians experienced significant losses, marking a pivotal moment in the campaign.

Building Fort Taylor

On August 5, the Third Artillery was ordered to march towards Snake River to establish fortifications, designated as Fort Taylor, amidst rising tensions with local Indian tribes. As they journeyed, they faced challenges from rough terrain, potential hostilities, and logistical issues. Reports indicated defiance from the Indians, who were confident in their strength and resources. By August 24, after delays from severe weather, preparations to cross Snake River were underway, with an increasing military presence, including Nez Percé allies, ready for conflict in enemy territory.

Fort Walla Walla

On July 19th, after a twelve-and-a-half-day march, we arrived at Fort Walla Walla, situated in a picturesque valley near the Blue Mountains. The fort is garrisoned by four companies of Dragoons and two of Infantry, while preparations for an expedition commence under Colonel Wright. Notably, the Nez Percé tribes, initially viewed with suspicion, have become allied with us, a shift that could disarm opposing forces. Their unique blend of warrior spirit and Christian influence presents a fascinating study of cultural interplay in this region.

Fort Dalles and the March

Reflecting on the unappealing nature of Fort Dalles three years prior, the post has since transformed under Captain Jordan’s guidance with improved quarters for officers. The routine for the stationed troops includes rigorous drills, fostering discipline essential for upcoming campaigns. As the march to Walla Walla commenced, the soldiers faced harsh conditions, traversing a largely barren landscape. Despite the challenges, they found moments of camaraderie and purpose amid the anticipation of impending conflict with hostile tribes, whose resolve to resist encroachment remained steadfast.

Departure for Oregon

In June 1848, while stationed in San Francisco, the narrator received orders to embark for Oregon aboard the steamer Senator. After a challenging loading process involving mules, the voyage commenced, and they arrived at Fort Vancouver after navigating the treacherous Columbia River bar. The fort, once a hub for the Hudson Bay Company’s fur trade, is now vibrant with military activity. After a few days of preparation and reviews, the company proceeds to the Dalles, amidst striking scenery and remnants of indigenous culture along the shores.

Origin of the War with the Coeur d’Alene, Spokane and Palouse

In May 1858, Colonel Steptoe led a small force from Fort Walla Walla to confront marauding Pelouze tribes but unexpectedly encountered a large coalition of hostile Indians, estimating up to 1,500 warriors. After a fierce battle, Steptoe’s command was forced to retreat under cover of night. Despite heavy losses, they successfully crossed Snake River, avoiding further casualties. This confrontation ignited a broader conflict among northern tribes, leading to widespread attacks on settlers and increasing tensions over encroachment on their lands, especially in response to anticipated military road surveys.