Indian Affairs

Review of Policy in Indian Affairs

Policy and Administration of Indian Affairs 1776-1890

By 1890, North American Indians were in a precarious legal position—recognized as persons by U.S. courts but not considered citizens. They were seen as wards of the nation without defined civil rights and only gained citizenship through specific acts, such as land allotment or renouncing tribal ties. Tribal relations were acknowledged, yet the U.S. government maintained authority over their territories. The legal status of Indians was established through various statutes and court rulings that recognized their unique relationship with the government, distinguishing them from U.S. citizens.