Black Hawk War Topics – Access Genealogy

The Osage Massacre

In the summer of 1833, following a treaty council breakdown, Osage warriors attacked a Kiowa village, resulting in a brutal massacre where many women, children, and elderly were killed, and the heads of the victims displayed in brass buckets. Among the captives were two children, Gunpä´ñdamä and Tunkahtohye, later purchased by Colonel Hugh Love for potential diplomatic gains. The ensuing U.S. military expeditions aimed to restore order and negotiate peace, but many faced logistical challenges and poor preparation, resulting in numerous setbacks and casualties.

Peace Attempts with Western Prairie Indians, 1833

In 1830, the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek initiated the relocation of the Choctaw Indians to territories between the Canadian and Red rivers. However, the Choctaw faced threats from Comanche, Kiowa, and Wichita tribes, who attacked traders and settlers. In May 1833, Colonel Arbuckle sent a military expedition to protect the traveling Choctaw and assert U.S. power. Despite efforts, the expedition suffered losses, including ranger George B. Abbay, who was captured, and ultimately failed to achieve its objectives, highlighting the challenges of westward expansion.

Washington Irving at Fort Gibson, 1832

The McIntosh Creeks established productive farms along the Arkansas River, but their land was mistakenly included in the 1828 treaty with the Cherokee, leading to tensions and grievances. The Creeks petitioned the government for aid against attacks from other Indian bands. In response, Congress set up a commission to address these issues, appointing three commissioners, including Montford Stokes. Eventually, Washington Irving joined the commission’s journey from St. Louis to Fort Gibson, experiencing the rich tapestry of frontier life and the challenges faced by the tribes.

Biography of James Fulkerson

James Fulkerson, originally Volkerson from Germany, immigrated to America and settled in North Carolina before moving to Virginia. He married Mary VanHook and had twelve children. His son, Robert C., a War of 1812 veteran and former Sheriff of Lee County, later relocated to Missouri. He served as Treasurer of Montgomery County for a decade and was a devoted family man, marrying twice and having seven children. Fulkerson passed away in 1876, leaving a legacy marked by service and faith.

Biography of Victor Craig

Victor Craig, an English immigrant, settled in Maryland in 1760 and had four sons. His son Robert fought in the Revolutionary War, while Samuel tragically drowned. Victor’s subsequent marriage to Sarah Ellington produced several children, including John, a blacksmith who contributed to Danville’s early industry. John’s brother, Colonel David Craig, settled in Montgomery County, sharing anecdotes from his pioneering days. David served in multiple wars and had eleven children. The family spread across various states, including Kentucky and Ohio, highlighting their extensive legacy.

Biography of James Sidney Rollins

James Sidney Rollins (1812-1888) was a prominent lawyer and statesman known for his public service in Missouri. Educated at the University of Indiana, he excelled in law and politics, advocating for education, infrastructure, and social causes, notably supporting the establishment of the University of Missouri. Elected to various legislative positions, he was a vocal opponent of slavery extension and contributed significantly to the state’s development. Rollins was honored posthumously as “Pater Universitatis Missouriensis” for his enduring impact on the university and community.

Biographical Sketch of William Wrightsell

William Wrightsell, a farmer born on October 9, 1811, in Jefferson County, Tennessee, settled in Coles County, Illinois, in 1856. He married Permelia White on October 31, 1844, and together they had four children: Sarah J., James M., Louisa E., and Margaret Ann. Wrightsell’s farm spans sixty acres and is valued at $1,800. He also served in the Black Hawk War and is recognized as one of the early settlers in western Coles County.

At Yellow Banks

At Yellow Banks, Major S. S. Phelps praised most troops’ discipline, except for a few rowdy soldiers from McDonough County who threatened old Chief Tama and his wife. Despite the chaos, Major Phelp and Mr. Joseph Smart defended the couple, escorting them to safety. Capt. Butler advised against providing supplies to Tama, but Smart, fluent in their language, organized secret assistance. The narrative touches upon tensions leading to violence against settlers and the subsequent Native response, highlighting the complexities of these early interactions.

Major Dement’s Battle with the Indians

After crossing Rock River, Major Dement’s command camped at Kellogg’s Grove. When Indian traces were reported nearby, he sent out a volunteer reconnoitering party, which encountered a trap. Major Dement quickly mobilized to assist but was unable to prevent casualties among his men. The ensuing skirmish saw both sides suffer losses, with the whites ultimately holding their position until reinforcements arrived. Despite the chaos, Major Dement’s leadership was noted, while General Posey’s inaction allowed the conflict to escalate into further engagements in the war against the Indians.

Stillman’s Defeat

In May, General Whitesides authorized Major Stillman to lead a scouting mission of nearly 300 mounted militia to Black Hawk’s camp. Unaware of the encampment’s location, the troops inadvertently killed a flag bearer during parley, leading to a surprise attack by Black Hawk’s small force. The militia panicked and retreated to Dixons Ferry, despite their superior numbers. This chaotic engagement escalated tensions and prompted Illinois and federal authorities to mobilize for what became a significant conflict, marking the beginning of a war that could have been avoided.

Steamboat Warrior’s Fight

On August 2, 1832, the steamboat Warrior, commanded by Lieut. Kingsbury, intercepted Black Hawk’s forces near Prairie du Chien to prevent their passage across the river. Despite Black Hawk’s attempt to surrender under a white flag, miscommunication prevailed, leading to a skirmish that resulted in casualties among the Indians. After resupplying, Kingsbury continued operations, and Black Hawk ultimately surrendered after the conflict escalated due to a violation of truce protocols, marking the end of a conflict that began under ignoble circumstances.

Warren County Circuit Court

In August 1832, William Martin was murdered by members of a Sac and Fox Indian band near Little York, Warren County. The Grand Jury, unable to identify the perpetrators, urged the governor to seek justice from the federal government. Four Indians were surrendered but were found to be innocent. Subsequent investigations revealed the true offenders escaped justice, leading to a nolle prosequi in 1835. The incident highlights the complexities of law and order in relation to Native American tribes during this turbulent period.

At Wisconsin Heights

At Wisconsin Heights, a fierce engagement took place as Col. Dodge and Ewing led their troops against a concealed Indian force. After enduring initial volleys, the soldiers charged with deadly effect. Despite suffering losses, including Col. Jones’s horse and one fatality, they dislodged the Indians, who retreated into the swamps. The following day, Gen. Atkinson’s forces pursued the fleeing enemy, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. Amidst the conflict, acts of bravery were displayed, even under dire circumstances, highlighting the fierce nature of this battle.

General Scott Arrives at Chicago

General Scott arrived in Chicago in July with a regiment, facing a cholera outbreak that claimed several lives. Moving his troops to Rock Island, they found relief from the disease as they camped by the refreshing waters of Rock River. Despite additional cholera cases at Fort Armstrong, Scott took personal responsibility for treating the sick, using brandy as a remedy, which instilled courage in his soldiers. Following the war’s conclusion, Scott facilitated treaties with the Winnebago and Sacs and Foxes, securing land and annual payments from the U.S. to ensure peace.

Black Hawk Indian War

In April 1832, shortly after arriving at Rock Island, a steamboat delivered officers to Fort Armstrong to prepare supplies for a new brigade, which included miners eager to serve. Henry Dodge was chosen as Colonel by these volunteers, recognized for his valor and honor. Among the officers was Dr. A. K. Philleo, who needed a substitute to take up the surgeon’s role due to his newspaper commitments. He invited a correspondent to help with the Galenian, leading to their involvement in documenting the Black Hawk Indian War.

Kellogg’s Grove Fort

On June 23, 1832, Indian forces approached Kellogg’s Grove, intending to seize the fort, believing it was lightly defended. Meanwhile, about 3,000 Illinois troops regrouped at Fort Wilbourn under various brigadiers, including Gen. Alexander Posey. Major John Dement was appointed to lead a newly formed spy battalion to protect settlers after raids at Bureau Creek. Though his hundred-forty-man command was inexperienced, they were determined citizen soldiers. Major Dement soon joined Colonel Zachary Taylor’s command, preparing to safeguard the area from further attacks.

Kilbourn’s Narrative, A Reminiscence of Black Hawk

Elijah Kilbourn provides an engaging account of his experiences during the conflicts with Black Hawk and his warriors. After being captured by Black Hawk, Kilbourn was adopted into the tribe but ultimately escaped after nearly three years. He reflected on Black Hawk’s noble character and the complexities of his situation, including the tensions that led to hostilities. Kilbourn recounts his observations of the war following Black Hawk’s return across the Mississippi and his encounters during the battles, highlighting the tragic outcomes for both sides.

The City of Dubuque, Iowa

Following the war, veterans formed a company to establish Dubuque, with Capt. James Craig surveying the town in September 1832. Early settlers, including the Langworthy brothers, began businesses catering to miners drawn by the nearby lead fields, despite legal uncertainties surrounding land claims. Major Davenport, sent to remove intruders under a treaty with local tribes, met with miners who ultimately disregarded government orders. While initial claims were complicated by congressional delays, Dubuque eventually flourished, evolving into a significant city by the Mississippi.

Fifty Years Ago

In a remarkable transformation, Rock Island evolved from a desolate prairie and timberland into a pivotal manufacturing center along the Mississippi. Initially reserved for a U.S. Arsenal, it now boasts impressive military facilities under the guidance of skilled officers. The site, once admired by Black Hawk for its beauty, features extensive park-like grounds, substantial stone buildings, and well-kept avenues. The Island serves not only as an armory but also as a popular destination for visitors, showcasing the significant industrial growth of the surrounding tri-cities.

Fox Murderers Wanted

In April 1832, Brig. General Atkinson mobilized troops to Fort Armstrong to prevent war between the Menominee and Fox Indians, following a massacre by the Foxes. Upon arrival, he learned that Black Hawk’s band was preparing to invade Illinois, presenting a new threat. Atkinson sought intelligence from local officials, concluding that strong measures were necessary. Consequently, Illinois Governor Reynolds called up militia forces, which assembled in Beardstown, organized under Brig. Gen. Samuel Whitesides, and prepared for a campaign against the hostile tribes.