San Carlos Reservation

Tonto Apache Tribe

The term “Tonto,” originally a misnomer implying foolishness, has been broadly applied to various Native American groups, particularly a mix of Yavapai, Yuma, Mohave, and Pifialeno Apache. This diverse population was relocated to the Rio Verde Reservation in Arizona in 1873 and later to the San Carlos Reservation in 1875. By 1908, there were 772 individuals officially designated as Tonto Apache, including those under different agencies, highlighting the complexities of tribal identities in the region.

San Carlos Agency

Special Agent Stephen Whited’s report (August-November 1890) details the demographics, land, and living conditions of various Indian tribes in Arizona, including the White Mountain Apache, Mohave, and Yuma. He notes the area’s poor infrastructure at the San Carlos Agency, with many government buildings in disrepair. The report highlights the tribes’ agricultural efforts, challenges due to fluctuating water supply, and cultural practices, including polygamy and superstitions. Additionally, it summarizes the tribes’ socioeconomic conditions, educational attendance, and criminal statistics.