While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Boudinot, Elias (native name Gălă-gi′na,
'male deer or turkey'). A
Cherokee Indian, educated in the foreign mission
school at Cornwell, Conn., founded by the American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions, which he entered with two other Cherokee youths in 1818 at the
instance of the philanthropist whose name he was allowed to adopt. In 1827 the
Cherokee council formally resolved to establish a national paper, and the
following year the Cherokee Phoenix appeared under Boudinot's editorship. After
a precarious existence of 6 years, however, the paper was discontinued, and not
resumed until after the removal of the Cherokee to Indian Ter., when its place
was finally taken by the Cherokee Advocate, established in 1844. In 1833
Boudinot wrote "Poor Sarah; or, the Indian Woman," in Cherokee characters,
published at New Echota by the United Brethren's Missionary Society, another
edition of which was printed at Park Hill in 1843; and from 1823 to the time of
his death he was joint translator with Rev. S. A. Worcester of a number of the
Gospels, some of which passed through several editions. Boudinot joined an
insignificant minority of his people in support of the Ridge treaty and the
subsequent treaty of New Echota, by the terms of which the Cherokee Nation
surrendered its lands and removed to Indian Ter. This attitude made him so
unpopular that on June 22, 1839, he was set upon and murdered, although not with
the knowledge or connivance of the tribal officers. See Mooney in 19th Rep.
B. A. E., 1900; Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages, Bull.
B. A. E., 1888.
Bowl, The (a translation of his native name, Diwa′‘lĭ),
also called Col. Bowles. A noted
Cherokee chief and leader of one of the first bands to establish themselves
permanently on the w. side of the Mississippi. At the head of some hostile
Cherokee from the Chickamauga towns he massacred all of the male members of a
party of emigrants at Muscle shoals in Tennessee r. in 1794, after which he
retired up St. Francis r. on the w. side of the Mississippi, and, his act being
disowned by the Cherokee council, who offered to assist in his arrest, he
remained in that region until after the cession of Louisiana Territory to the
United States. About 1824 so much dissatisfaction was caused by delay in
adjusting the boundaries of the territory of the Western Cherokee in Arkansas
and the withholding of their annuities that a party headed by Bowl crossed
Sabine r. into Texas, where they were joined by bodies of refugees from a number
of other eastern tribes and began negotiations with the Mexican government for a
tract of land on Angelina, Neches, and Trinity rs., but were interrupted by the
outbreak of the Texan war for independence in 1835. Houston, who had long been a
friend of the Cherokee, entered into a treaty to assign them certain lands along
Angelina r. , but it was rejected by the Texas senate in 1837, and Houston's
successor, Lamar, declared his intention to drive all the Indians from Texas. On
the plea that they were entering into a conspiracy with the Mexican inhabitants,
a commission, supported by several regiments of troops, was sent to the Cherokee
town on Angelina r. to demand that they remove at once across the border. On
their refusal they were attacked, July 15-16, 1839, and defeated in two
engagements, Bowl and his assistant chief, Hard-mush, being among the many
killed. See Mooney in 19th Rep. B. A. E., 1900. (J. R. S.)
Big-mush.A noted western Cherokee,
known to the whites also as
Hard-mush and among his
people as Gatiûñ'wa`li ('bread made into balls or lumps'), killed
by the Texans in 1839-Mooney
in 19th
Rep. B. A. E., 1900.
Black Fox(Inâlĭ). A principal chief
of the Cherokee who, under the
treaty of Jan. 7, 1806, by
which the Cherokee ceded nearly 7,000 sq. m. of their lands
in Tennessee and Alabama, was given
a life annuity of $100.
He was then an old man.
In 1810, as a member of the national
council of his tribe, he signed an
enactment formally abolishing the custom
of clan revenge hitherto universal among the tribes, thus taking an
important step toward civilization.-Mooney
in 19th Rep.
B. A. E., 87, 1900.
Foreman, Stephen. A Cherokee who became an active
coworker with the Presbyterian missionaries among his people. He received an
elementary education at the mission school at Candy's Creek, w of Cleveland,
Tenn., and after pursuing some preparatory studies under Rev. S. A. Worcester at
New Echota, Ga., spent a year at Union Theological Seminary in Virginia and
another at Princeton, N. J., in the study of theology. He was licensed to preach
by the Union Presbytery of Tennessee about Oct. 1, 1833. Foreman is said to have
preached with animation and fluency in the Cherokee language. With Mr Worcester
he translated the Psalms and a large part of Isaiah into the Cherokee language.
Pilling, Bibliog. Iroq. Lang., Bull. B. A. E., 1888.
Going
Snake (I′nǎdû-na′ĭ.
signifying that a person is 'going along in company with a snake'). A Cherokee
chief, prominent about 1825. Mooney in 19th Rep. B. A. E.522, 1900.
Hanging-maw (Uskwá′lĭgû′tǎ,
'his stomach hangs down'). A prominent Cherokee chief of the Revolutionary
period. Mooney in 19th Rep. B. A. E., 543, 1900.
Little Carpenter, Attakullaculla(Ătă'-gûl`kălû',
from ătă' wood,' gûl'kălû' a verb implying that
something long is leaning,
without sufficient support,
against some other object;
hence 'Leaningwood.'-Mooney).
A noted Cherokee chief, born about 1700, known to the whites as Little
Carpenter (Little
Cornplanter, by mistake, in Haywood).
The first notice of him is as one of the delegation taken to
England by Sir Alexander Cumming in
1730. It is stated
that he was made second in authority under
Oconostota in 1738. He was
present at the conference with Gov. Glenn, of South Carolina, in July, 1753,
where he was the chief
speaker in behalf of the Indians,
but asserted that he had not supreme
authority, the consent of Oconostota,
the war chief, being necessary for final action. Through his influence a
treaty of peace was arranged with Gov. Glenn in 1755, by which a large
cession of territory was made
to the King of England; and it was also through his instrumentality
that Ft Dobbs was built, in the year following, about 20 miles,
west of the present Salisbury, N. C. When Ft
Loudon, on Little Tennessee
River, Tenn., was captured
by the Indians in 1760, and most of the garrison and refugees were
massacred, Capt. Stuart, who had escaped the tomahawk,
was escorted safely to Virginia by Attakullaculla, who purchased him
from his Indian captor,
giving to the latter, as
ransom, his rifle, clothes, and everything
he had with him. It was again
through the influence of Attakullaculla that the treaty of
Charleston was signed i n 1761,
and that Stuart, after peace hadbeen restored, was received by the Cherokee as the British
agent for the southern tribes; yet notwithstanding his friendship
for Stuart, who remained a steadfast loyalist in the Revolution, and the
fact that a large majority of
the Cherokee espoused the
British cause, Attakullaculla raised a force of 500 native
warriors which he offered to
the Americans. He is described
by William Bartram (Travels, 482,
1792), who visited him in 1776, as "a man of remarkably small stature, slender
and of a delicate frame, the only instance I saw in the nation,
but he is a man of superior
abilities." Although he had become sedate, dignified, and somewhat
taciturn in mature years,
Logan (Hist. Upper So. Car., 1, 490, 515, 1859)
says that in his younger days
he was fond of the bottle and often inebriate.
The date of his death has not
been recorded, but it was probably about 1780. See
Mooney in 19th
Rep. B. A. E., 1900.
Ross, John.
Chief of the Cherokee;
Born in Rossville, Ga., Oct. 3, 1790; died in
Washington, D. C., Aug. 1,
1866. He was the son of
an immigrant from Scotland
by a Cherokee wife who was herself three-quarters white. His
boyhood name of
Tsan-usdĭ, ‘Little John,' was exchanged when he reached
man's estate for that of
Guwisguwi, or Cooweescoowee, by which was known a large white
bird of uncommon
occurrence, perhaps
the egret or the swan. He went to school
in
Kingston, Tenn. In 1809 he was sent on a mission to the Cherokee
in Arkansas by the
Indian agent, and thence forward till the close of his life he
remained in the public
service of his nation. At the battle of the Horseshoe, and
in other operations of the Cherokee contingent
against the Creeks in 1813-14, he was adjutant of the Cherokee regiment. He
was chosen a member of the national committee of the Cherokee Council in 1817, and drafted the reply to the U. S. commissioners who were sent
to negotiate the
exchange of the Cherokee lands for others w. of the Mississippi.
In the contest
against the removal his talents found play and recognition.
As president of the national committee from
1819 till 1826 he was instrumental in the introduction
of school and mechanical training,
and led in the development of the civilized autonomous
government embodied in
the republican constitution adopted in 1827. He was associate chief
with William Hicks in that
year, and president of
the Cherokee constitutional convention. From 1828 till the removal to Indian Territory in 1839 he was
principal chief of the
Cherokee Nation, and headed the various national
delegations that visited Washington to defend the right
of the Cherokee to their
national territory.
After the arrival in Indian Territory,
he was chosen chief of
the united Cherokee
Nation, and held that office until his death, although during the
dissensions caused by the Civil War the Federal authorities
temporarily deposed him. See Mooney, Myths
of the Cherokee, 19th Rep. B. A. E.,
122, 150, 224, 225, 1900.
Inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, born in the
Cherokee town of Taskigi, Tenn., about 1760; died near San
Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico, in Aug. 1843. He was the son of a
white man and a Cherokee woman of mixed blood, daughter of a
chief in Echota. Besides his native name of Sikwayi, or Sequoya,
he was known as George Gist, otherwise spelled Guest or Guess,
the patronymic of his father, generally believed to have been a
German trader. He
has also been claimed as the son of
Nathaniel Gist of Revolutionary note.
Sequoya grew up in the tribe, quite unacquainted with
English or civilized arts, becoming a hunter and trader in furs.
He was also a craftsman in silverwork, an ingenious natural
mechanic, and his inventive powers had scope for development in
consequence of an accident that befell him in hunting and
rendered him a cripple for life. The importance of the arts of
writing and printing as instruments and weapons of civilization
began to impress him in 1809, and he studied, undismayed by the
discouragement and ridicule of his fellows, to elaborate a
system of writing suitable to the Cherokee language. In 1821 he
submitted his syllabary to the chief men of the nation, and on
their approval the Cherokee of all ages set about to learn it
with such zeal that after a few months thousands were able to
read and write their language. Sequoya, in 1822, visited
Arkansas to introduce writing in the Western division of the
Cherokee, among whom he took up his permanent abode in 1823.
Parts of the Bible were printed in Cherokee in 1824, and in 1828
The Cherokee Phoenix, a weekly newspaper in Cherokee and English
, began to appear.
Sequoya was sent to Washington in 1828 as an
envoy of the Arkansas band, in whose affairs he bore a
conspicuous part, and when the Eastern Cherokee joined the old
settlers in the west his influence and counsel were potent in
the organization of the reunited nation in Indian Territory.
When, in his declining years, he withdrew from active political
life, speculative ideals once again possessed his mind. He
visited tribes of various stocks in a fruitless search for the
elements of a common speech and grammar. He sought also to trace
a lost band of the Cherokee that, according to tradition, had
crossed the Mississippi before the Revolution and wandered to
some mountains in the west, and while pursuing this quest in the
Mexican sierras he met his death. See Mooney,
Myths of the Cherokee, 19th Rep., B. A. E., 108 et seq., 147,
148, 1900, and the authorities therein cited.
Moytoy. A
Cherokee chief of Tellico, Tenn., who became the so-called "emperor"
of the seven chief Cherokee towns. Sir Alexander Cuming, desirous of
enlisting the Cherokee in the British interest, decided to place in
control a chief of his own selection. Moytoy was chosen, the Indians
were induced to accept him, giving him the title of emperor; and, to
carry out the program, all the Indians, including their new sovereign,
pledged themselves on bended knees to be the faithful subjects of King
George. On the next day, April 4, 1730, "the crown was brought front
Great Tennessee, which, with five eagle-tails and four scalps of their
enemies, Moytoy presented to Sir Alexander, empowering him to lay the
same at His Majesty's feet." Nevertheless, Moytoy afterward became a
bitter enemy of the whites, several of whom he killed without
provocation at Sitico, Tenn. See Mooney in 19th Rep. B.
A. E., pt. 1, 1900.
