Sac

General Scott Arrives at Chicago

General Scott arrived in Chicago in July with a regiment, facing a cholera outbreak that claimed several lives. Moving his troops to Rock Island, they found relief from the disease as they camped by the refreshing waters of Rock River. Despite additional cholera cases at Fort Armstrong, Scott took personal responsibility for treating the sick, using brandy as a remedy, which instilled courage in his soldiers. Following the war’s conclusion, Scott facilitated treaties with the Winnebago and Sacs and Foxes, securing land and annual payments from the U.S. to ensure peace.

General Atkinson’s Report

In his report dated August 25, 1832, Brevet Brigadier General H. Atkinson details a successful engagement against enemy forces after crossing the Ouisconsin River. Commanding a combined force of 1,300 men, he attacked the enemy on the Mississippi’s left bank, resulting in significant casualties for the adversary—approximately 150 killed and many captured. Atkinson praises the valor of his troops while noting the need to halt further pursuits due to exhaustion and lack of supplies. He emphasizes his intent to negotiate a surrender from the remaining enemy leaders.

The City of Davenport, Iowa

Davenport, Iowa, originally part of land granted to Antoine LeClair by local tribes, has transformed from an uninhabited region into a thriving city with a population of 23,000. Praised for its beauty, Davenport boasts elegant residences, impressive public buildings, and a network of street railroads. The Mississippi River is traversed by a grand bridge serving various railroads. Nearby cities—Rock Island, Moline, Keokuk, and Muscatine—also flourish, characterized by their industriousness, vibrant communities, and significant manufacturing operations, contributing to the region’s prosperity.

Black Hawk’s Last Visit

In the fall of 1836, Black Hawk visited Yellow Banks, expressing joy that Oquawka retained its Indian name. He recounted the rapid settlement of the region by white settlers and reflected on the significance of Shokokon, where he had led councils and prepared for war against the Sioux. By 1837, he joined a delegation to Washington, aimed at establishing peace with Sioux tribes. During their visit, Black Hawk captivated audiences, receiving gifts from Governor Everett, marking a poignant moment in his intertwined legacy with the region.

Council Convened

The war chief convened a council to address the encroachment on land previously ceded to the United States. Despite being summoned, Black Hawk and his band entered the council with defiance, asserting their right to remain on their lands. The war chief demanded their removal within two days, but Black Hawk resolutely refused to abandon his village. A plea from the daughter of a respected chief to delay their removal for harvest was dismissed. Ultimately, Black Hawk sought a peaceful resolution, instructing his people to avoid resistance should the war chief return with force.

Black Hawks Birth

In 1767, Nanamakee, known as Thunder, was born in the Sac village on Rock River. Guided by dreams from the Great Spirit, he sought a white man destined to lead his people. After rigorous fasting and guided travel, he met a French king’s son, who bestowed him gifts and a medal, marking him as chief. Following a ceremonial transition of power from his father, Nanamakee gained authority amidst early dissent. He assured his people of his leadership’s divine origin, promising to protect them and maintain peace.

Pashepahaw, Sauk Chief

Pashepahaw was a notable Sauk chief, recognized for his strong character and chosen to represent his tribe in Washington. He was known for his vengeful nature, particularly after an insult from the Indian agent at Prairie du Chien, which prompted him to plot revenge. His violent intent was thwarted by Tai-mah, who alerted the agent. Though little is documented about Pashepahaw’s life, he epitomizes the fierceness and complexity of the Sauk people, who were generally dignified and hospitable until their forced removal from their fertile lands.

Indian Tribes of the Southern Plains Region

The Southern Plains Regional Office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, led by Regional Director Dan Deerinwater and two Deputy Regional Directors, focuses on enhancing cooperation among Federally-recognized tribes in the region. The office engages with various tribal entities while supporting the needs and history of tribes, including the Apache, Caddo, Comanche, and others in both the Anadarko and Concho Agencies. Each tribe is recognized for its distinct heritage and culture, contributing to the rich tapestry of the Southern Plains.