While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
The territory of the present
State of California was discovered in 1542 by a Portuguese navigator in
the Spanish service, J. R. Cabrillo. In 1578 Sir Francis Drake landed at Drake's Bay, opened
communication with the natives, and took possession of the country in the
name of England, calling it New Albion. It was explored by the Spaniard S.
Viscayno in 1602, but no attempt was made at colonization until the
Franciscan Fathers established a mission at San Diego in 1769. Within the
next 50 years they founded 21 missions and gathered 20,000 Indians about
them, but the number of neophytes continually fell off and the power of
the missions declined with them, especially after Mexican government had
succeeded to Spanish. Transfer of the country to the United States and the
rush of immigrants following upon the discovery of gold in 1848 was still
more disastrous to the Indians and this disaster extended to parts of the
State which the Spaniards had not reached. From this time on the history
of the Indians of this area is one long story of debauchery and
extermination. Reservations were set aside for most of the tribes, but the
greater part of the survivors live scattered through the country as
squatters or on land purchased by themselves.
In dealing with the tribes of California, I have adopted the names given
by Dr. Kroeber in his Handbook of the Indians of California (1925). An
inspection of these shows us at once. however, that the tribal concept in
most parts of the State is one imposed upon the
Indians as a result of ethnological investigation rather than something
recognized by themselves. It has a dialectic rather than a governmental or
ceremonial base, but it is the best that can be done unless we adopt the impracticable alternative of treating each village group as a tribe. It is
to be understood that, from the ordinary point of view as to what
constitutes a tribe, this expedient is largely artificial. Under these
circumstances it has seemed best not to follow a strictly alphabetic
system throughout, or rather, to enter those tribes defined by their names
as parts of larger groups under the more common group names, the
qualifying word following, as: Paiute, Northern, and Yuki, Coast, instead
of Northern Paiute and Coast Yuki.
Connections in which they have become noted. That few names of California
tribes have found permanent lodgment in the geography of the region is not surprising when we consider the small number of names of this kind at all
prominent. This is in keeping with the fact that tribal organizations as
they were known in eastern North America were wanting over much of the
State, and that where they existed they were generally small and
insignificant. It also happens that a few real tribal names, or names that
have been used to cover tribal groups, include peoples which extended into
neighboring States and have been treated elsewhere. Under this head come
the names of Modoc County, Klamath River, Mohave River, Mono County and
Lake, and Piute Peak. Still other names are derived from villages and
small tribes, mere subdivisions of the main bodies. Among these may be
mentioned Tuolumne County, Mokelumne Peak and River, Cosumnes River,
Kaweah River. While the designation of the Shasta is a conspicuous one it
is rather the mountain which has given name to the tribe than the tribe to
the mountain, though in fact both are derived from a chief of the Shasta
people. Following from the use of the term for Mount Shasta we have Shasta
River, Shasta, Shasta Retreat, Shasta Springs. The history of the name
Hupa has been somewhat similar. It has remained attached to the valley to
which it was originally applied and to the tribe secondarily.
Nevertheless, the valley name now serves to preserve in memory that of the
people who occupied it.
Achomawi. From adzúma or achóma, "river."
Kō'm-maidüm, Maidu name, meaning "snow people."
Shawash, Yuki name for the Achomawi taken to Round Valley Reservation.
Connections. The Achomawi were originally classed with the Atsugewi as one
stock under the name Palaihnihan, the Achomawan stock of Merriam (1926),
and this in turn constitutes the eastern branch of the Shastan stock,
which in turn is now placed under the widely spread Hokan family.
Location. In the drainage
area of Pit River from near Montgomery Creek in Shasta County to Goose
Lake on the Oregon line, with the exception of the territory watered by
Burney, Hat, and Horse or Dixie Valley Creeks.
Subdivisions
Kroeber (1925) gives the following:
Achomawi, on Fall River.
Astakiwi, in upper Hot Springs Valley.
Atuami, in Big Valley.
Hamawi, on the South Fork of Pit River.
Hantiwi, in lower Hot Springs Valley.
Ilmawi, on the south side of Pit River opposite Fort Crook.
Madehsi, the lowest on Pit River along the big bend.
C. H. Merriam (1926) says that
Achomawi is the Madehsi name for the Astakiwi which occupied all of Hot
Springs Valley, and he adds the names of two other tribes between the last
mentioned and Goose Lake, the Ko-se-al-lak'-te, and, higher up, at the
lower end of the lake, the Hā'-we-si'-doc.
Population. Together with
the Atsugewi, the Achomawi are estimated by Kroeber (1925) to have
numbered 3,000 in 1770; in 1910 there were 985. According to the census of
1930, the entire Shastan stock numbered 844, and in 1937, 418 "Pit River"
Indians were enumerated, only a portion of the stock apparently.
Alliklik. Designation
bestowed by the Ventura() Chumash; meaning unknown.
Connections. The Alliklik
belonged to the Californian group of the Shoshonean division of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, their closest relatives probably being the
Serrano.
Location. On the upper
Santa Clara River.
Villages. Akavavi Kashtu, Etseng, Huyang, Küvung,
and Pi'idhuku (on Piru Creek, the last mentioned at Piru); Kamulus (on
Castac Creek); Kashtük Tsawayung (on a
branch of Castac Creek).
Population. The Alliklik
together with the Serrano, Vanyume, and Kitanemuk, numbered 3,500 in 1770
and 150 in 1910. The census of 1930 returned 361 southern California
Shoshoneans.
Atsugewi. Their own name or
that which the Achomawi applied to them; significance unknown.
Adwanuqdji, Ilmawi name.
Hat Creek Indians, popular English name.
Tcunoíyana, Yana name.
Connections. With the
Achomawi, the Atsugewi constituted the Palaihnihan or eastern group of the
Shastan stock, more recently placed by Dixon and Kroeber (1919) in the
Hokan family.
Location. On Burney, Hat,
and Dixie Valley or Horse Creeks.
Subdivisions.
Kroeber (1925) gives: Apwarukei (Dixie Valley people), Hat Creek people
(native name unknown), and Wamari'i (Burney Valley people).
C. G. Merriam (1926) calls the Hat Creek people
collectively At-soo-kā'-e (Atsugewi)
and treats most of the Burney Valley Indians as part of the Atsugewi
proper.
Population. Kroeber
estimates that in 1770 there were 3,000 of the Atsugewi and the Achomawi
together. The Shastan Indians numbered 844 in 1930.
Bear River Indians.
A body of Indians living along Bear River in the present Humboldt County
for whom no suitable native name has been preserved. Also called:
Nī'ekeni', name they
applied to themselves and to the Mattole.
Connections. The Bear
River Indians belonged to the Athapascan linguistic family, and were most
closely connected with the Mattole, Sinkyone, and Nongatl tribes to the
south and east.
Location. As given above.
(See North Carolina for a tribe similarly named.)
Villages
From the mouth of Bear River inland as given by Nomland
(1938):
Tcalko', at the mouth of Bear River.
Chilshĕck, on the site of the
present Capetown.
Chilenchĕ, near the present
Morrison Ranch.
Selsche'ech, on a site marked by a large red rock 3–4 miles above
the last. Tlanko, above the preceding.
Estakana, at Gear's place, on the largest flat in the upper valley
above Tlanko. Sehtla, about 7 miles above Capetown.
Me'sseah, name for a natural amphitheater, the training place for
shamans, about which lived a few families.
Population. Included with
the Nongatl (q. v.). 1,129 were returned in the census of 1930. The United
States Office of Indian Affairs reported 23 "Bear River" Indians in 1937.
Cahuilla. A name perhaps of
Spanish origin, but its significance is unknown. Also spelled Kawia.
Connections. The Cahuilla
belonged to the southern California group of the Shoshonean division of
the Uto-Aztecan stock.
Location. Mainly in the
inland basin between the San Bernardino Range and the range extending
southward from Mount San Jacinto.
Subdivisions
Desert Cahuilla, at northern end of the
Colorado Desert.
Mountain Cahuilla, in the mountains south of San Jacinto Peak.
Western or Pass Cahuilla, centering in Palms Springs Canyon.
Villages
Duasno, on or near the Cahuilla Reservation.
Juan Bautista, in San Bernardino County.
Ekwawinet, at La Mesa, 2 miles south of Coachella.
Kavinish, at Indian Wells.
Cahuilla, on the Cahuilla Reservation.
Kwaleki, in the San Jacinto Mountains.
Lawilvan or Sivel, at Alamo.
Malki, on the Potrero Reservation in Cahuilla Valley east of
Banning.
Pachawal, at San Ygnacio. Palseta, at Cabezon.
Paltewat, at Indio in Cahuilla Valley.
Panachsa, in the San Jacinto Mountains.
Sechi, in Cahuilla Valley.
Sokut Menyil, at Martinez.
Sapela, at San Ygnacio.
Temalwahish, at La Mesa. Torres, on Torres Reservation.
Tova, at Agua Dulce.
Wewutnowhu, at Santa Rosa.
Population. Kroeber
(1925) estimates 2,500 Cahuilla in 1770; in 1910 there were about 800.
(See Alliklik.)
Connection in which their
name has become noted. The name Cahuilla is preserved in that of a
village called Kaweah in Tulare County.
Chemehuevi. The Yuman
name for this tribe and for the Paiute; significance unknown. Also called:
Ah'alakåt, Pima name, meaning
"small bows."
Mat-hat-e-vátch, Yuma name,
meaning "northerners."
Tä'n-ta'wats, own name, meaning
"southern men."
Connections. The
Chemehuevi were a part of the true Paiute and were associated with them
and the Ute in one linguistic subdivision of the Shoshonean division of
the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Location. Anciently in
the eastern half of the Mohave Desert. At a later date the Chemehuevi
settled on Cottonwood Island, in Chemehuevi Valley, and at other points on
Colorado River.
Subdivisions
(So far as known)
Hokwaits, in Ivanpah Valley.
Kauyaichits, location unknown.
Mokwats, at the Kingston Mountains.
Moviats, on Cottonwood Island.
Shivawach or Shivawats, in the Chernehucvi Valley, perhaps only the
name of a locality.
Tumpisagavatsits or Timpashauwagotsits, in the Providence
Mountains.
Yagats, at Afnargosa.
Population. Kroeber
(1925) estimates between 500 and 800 Chemehuevi in ancient times. In 1910,
355 were returned of whom 260 were in California.
Chetco. The Chetco extended slightly across into northern California from
its home in Oregon.
Chilula. An American
rendering of Yurok Tsulu-la, "people of Tsulu," the Bald Hills.
Connections. With the
Hupa and Whilkut, the Chilula formed one group of the Athapascan
linguistic stock.
Location. On or near
lower Redwood Creek from near the inland edge of the heavy redwood belt to
a few miles above Minor Creek.
Villages. The following
are known and are given in order beginning with the one farthest down
Redwood Creek: Howunakut, Noleding, Tlochime, Kingkyolai, Kingyukyomunga,
Yisining'aikut, Tsinsilading, Tondinunding, Yinukanomitseding, Hontetlme,
Tlocheke, Hlichuhwinauhwding, Kailuhwtanding, Kailuhwchengetlding,
Sikingchwungmitanding, Kinahontanding, Misme, Kahustanding.
Population. Kroeber
(1925) estimates 500 to 600 Chilula before White contact. Now reduced to
two or three families and a few persons incorporated with the Hupa. (See
Bear River Indians.)
Chimariko. From the native
word chimar, "person." Also called:
Kwoshonipu, name probably given them by the Shasta of Salmon River.
Meyemma, given by Gibbs (1853).
Connections. Originally
considered a distinct stock, the Chimariko are now classed in the Hokan
linguistic family.
Location. On the canyon
of Trinity River from about the mouth of New River to Canyon Creek.
Villages
Chalitasum, at the junction of New and Trinity Rivers.
Chichanma, at Taylor Flat.
Himeakudji, at Big Creek.
Hodinakchohoda, at Cedar Flat.
Maidjasore, at Thomas.
Paktunadji, at Patterson.
Tsudamdadji, at Burnt Ranch.
Population. The Chimariko
were estimated by Kroeber (1925) at 250 in 1849; only a few mixed-bloods
are now living.
Esselen. Probably the name
of a village; significance unknown.
Connections. Originally
given the status of a distinct stock, the Esselen are now placed in the
Ilokan linguistic family, their affinities being rather with the Yuman
division, to the south, and with the Porno, Yana, and other groups to the
north than with their closer neighbors of this stock, the Salinan and
Chumash tribes.
Location. On the upper
course of Carmel River, Sur River, and the coast from Point Lopez almost
to Point Sur.
Villages
Echilat, 12 miles southeast of Mission Carmelo.
Ekheya, in the mountains.
Ensen, at Buena Esperanza.
Ichenta, at San Jose.
Pachhepes, near the next.
Xaseum, in the sierra.
Population. Kroeber
(1925) estimates 500 Esselen in 1770; they are now extinct.
Fernandeno. So-called
from San Fernando, the name of one of the
two Franciscan missions in Los Angeles County.
Connections. The nearest
relatives of the Fernandeno were the Gabrielino and both belonged to the
California section of the Shoshonean Division of the Uto Aztecan
linguistic stock.
Location. In that part of
the valley of Los Angeles River above Los Angeles.
Villages
Hahamo, north of Los Angeles.
Kawe, northwest of Los Angeles. Mau, north
of Los Angeles.
Pasek, at San Francisco Mission.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates that, with the Gabrielino and
Nicoleno, the Fernandeno numbered 5,000 in 1770; they are now practically
extinct.
Halchidhoma. On the middle Colorado. (See Arizona.)
Huchnom. The name applied to this tribe by the Yuki and apparently by themselves; said to signify"mountain people." Also called:
Redwoods, a popular name.
Ta'-tu, by the Porno of Potter Valley.
Connection. The Huchnom belonged to the Yukian linguistic stock, though
resembling the Porno somewhat more closely in culture.
Location. In the valley of South Eel River from Hullville nearly to its
mouth, together with the valley of its affluent, Tornki Creek, and the
lower course of the stream known as Deep or Outlet Creek.
Villages
Ba'awel, name in Porno; on South Eel River a couple of miles from Ukumna. Hatupoka, on Tomki Creek below the village of Pukemul.
Komohmemut-kuyuk, on South Eel River between Lilko'ol and Mumemel.
Lilko'ol, on South Eel River between Ba'awel and the preceding.
Mot, on South Eel River between Yek and Mupan.
Mot-kuyuk, on South Eel River at the mouth of Tomki Creek.
Mumemel, on South Eel River just below the forks at Hullville.
Mupan, on South Eel River between Mot and Mot-kuyuk.
Nonhohou, on South Eel River between Shipomul and Yek.
Pukemul, on Tomki Creek above the village of Hatupoka.
Shipomul, on South Eel River at the mouth of Outlet Creek.
Ukumna, near the head of the eastern source of Russian River.
Yek, on South Eel River between Nonhohou and Mot.
There is one village of uncertain name and possibly Yuki on the headwaters
of the South Fork of Eel River.
Population. The Huchnom were estimated at 500 in 1770 by Kroeber (1925);
the census of 1910 returned 7 full-bloods and 8 half-breeds. (See Yuki.)
Juaneño.
Derived from the mission of San Juan Capistrano. Also called:
Gaitchim, given by Gatschet (1876).
Netela, given by Hale (1846), meaning "my language."
Connections. The
Juaneño belonged to the Shoshonean branch of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, their speech being a variant of
Luiseno.
Location. From the Pacific Ocean to the crest of the southern
continuation of the Sierra Santa Ana. Southward, toward the Luiseno, the
boundary ran between the San Onofre and Las Pulgas; on the north, toward
the Gabrielino, it is said to have followed Alisos
Creek.
Villages
Ahachmai, on the lower course of San Juan Creek
below the mission of San
Juan Capistrano.
Alona, north of the Mission of San Juan Capistrano.
Hechmai, near the
coast south of Arroyo San Onofre.
Humai, on the middle course of San Juan
Creek.
Palasakeuna, at the head of Arroyo San Mateo.
Panhe, near the mouth
of Arroyo San Mateo.
Piwiva, on San Juan Creek above San Juan Capistrano.
Pu-tuid-em, near the
coast between San Juan and Aliso Creeks.
Population. The Juaneflo were estimated by Kroeber (1925) at 1,000 in
1770; the census of 1910 returned 16. (See Alliklik.)
Kamia. From their
own term Kamiyai or Kamiyahi, which they
applied also to the Diegueno. Also called:
Comeya, common synonym used by Bartlett in 1854 and
adopted in Handbook
of American Indians (Hodge, 1907, 1910).
I'-um 0'-otam, Pima name for Kamia and Diegueno.
New River Indians, from their location.
Quemaya, so called by Garces in 1775-76.
Tipai, own name, also meaning "person."
Yum, same as I'-um.
Connections. They belonged to the Yuman stock of Powell now considered a
subdivision of the Hokan family, their closest affinities being with the
eastern Diegueno who were sometimes considered one tribe with themselves.
Location. In Imperial Valley, and on the banks of the sloughs connecting
it with Colorado River. (See also Mexico.)
Villages.
There were no true villages.
Population. Gifford (1931) says there could not have been more than a few
hundred Kamia in aboriginal times. Heintzelman (1857) gives 254 under the
chief Fernando in 1849. (See Diegueno.)
Connection in which they have become noted. Whatever notoriety the Kamia,
an inconspicuous tribe, has attained is due entirely to the fame of their
valley home.
Kato. A Porno place name meaning "lake." Also called:
Batem-da-kai-ee, given by Gibbs (1853).
Kai Po-mo, given by Powers (1877). Laleshiknom, Yuki name.
Tlokeang, own name.
Connections. The Kato belonged to the Athapascan linguistic stock, and
spoke a dialect peculiar to themselves.
Location. On the uppermost course
of the South Fork of Eel River.
Villages.
There are said to have been nearly 50 of these, probably an overestimate,
but none of their names are known.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates 500 Kato in 1770; about 50 persons,
mostly full-bloods are still reckoned as Kato. (See
Bear River Indians.)
Kawaiisu. So-called by the Yokuts; the signification of the word is
unknown.
Connections. The Kawaiisu belonged to the Shoshonean branch of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic family, and were a more immediate off-shoot,
apparently, of the Chemehuevi.
Location. In the Tehachapi Mountains.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates an aboriginal Kawaiisu population of
perhaps 500 and a present (1925) population of nearly 150. (See
Alliklik.)
Kitanemuk. Perhaps from the stem ki, "house,"; other synonyms are
Kikitanum, and Kikitamkar.
Connections. The Kitanemuk belonged to the Shoshonean division of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock and to a subgroup which included also the
Alliklik, Vanyume and Serrano.
Location. On upper Tejon and Paso Creeks, the streams on the rear side of
the Tehachapi Mountains in the same vicinity and the small creeks draining
the northern slope of the Liebre and Sawmill Range, with Antelope Valley
and the westernmost end of the Mohave Desert.
Villages.
The present principal Kitanemuk village is called Nakwalki-ve, and is
situated where Tejon Creek breaks out of the hills. (Other names given do
not seem unquestionably those of villages).
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates that in 1770 there were 3,500
Serrano, Vanyume, Kitanemuk, and Alliklik, and that these were represented
by about 150 in 1910. (See Alliklik.)
Connections. The Konomihu
was the most divergent of the Shastan group of tribes of the Hokan
linguistic family.
Location. Territory centering about the forks of Salmon River.
Villages.
The principal Konomihu village, called, apparently by the Karok, Shamnam,
was between the forks of Salmon River in Siskiyou County, on the right
aide of the south branch just above the junction.
Population. Together with the Chimariko, New River Shasta, and Okwanuchu,
the Konomihu are estimated by Kroeber (1925) to have numbered about 1,000
in 1770; they are not now enumerated separately from the Shasta, of whom
844 were returned in 1930.
Koso. Significance unknown.
Ke-at, given by Gatschet (Wheeler Survey, p. 411, 1879).
Panamint, name
more often used.
Connections. The Koso formed the westernmost extension of the
Shoshoni-Comanche branch of the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan
linguistic stock.
Location. On a barren tract of land in the southeastern part of the State
between the Sierra and the State of Nevada, and including Owens Lake, the Coso, Argus, Panamint, and Funeral Mountains and the intervening valleys.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates an aboriginal Koso population of not
over 500; since 1880 they have been placed at about 100 to 150.
Connections. The Lassik belonged to the Athapascan linguistic family and
were connected very closely with the Nongatl, who lay just to the north.
Location. On a stretch of Eel River, from a few miles above the mouth of
the South Fork not quite to Kekawaka Creek; also Dobbins Creek, an eastern
affluent of the main stream, and Soldier Basin at the head of the North
Fork; to the east they extended to the head of Mad River.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates that in 1770, along with the Nongatl
and Sinkyone, the Lassik numbered 2,000, and in 1910, 100. (See
Alliklik.)
Luisefio. From the name of the Mission of San Luis Rey de Francia. Also
called:
Ghecham or Khecham, from the native name of San Luis Rey Mission.
Connections. The Luiseno belonged to the Shoshonean division of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic family.
Location. In the southwest part of the state from the coast toward but
wholly west of the divide that extends south from Mount San Jacinto;
bounded northward by the cognate Juaneno, Gabrielino, and Serrano and
south by the Diegueno.
Villages
Ahuya, near the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Akipa, near Kahpa.
Alapi, south of the middle course of the San Luis Rey River.
Awa', on a head branch of Santa Margarita River.
Hurumpa, west of Riverside.
Huyulkum, on the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Ikaimai, near San Luis Rey Mission.
Kahpa, on the middle course of San Luis Rey River.
Katukto, between Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Rivers, north of San
Luis
Rey.
Keish, south of San Luis Rey Mission.
Keweyu, on the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Kolo, near the upper
course of San Luis Rey River.
Kuka, on the upper course of San Luis Rey
River.
Kwalam, on the lower course of San Luis Rey River.
Malamai, northeast of Pala.
Meha, on Santa Margarita River northwest of Temecula.
Mehel-om-pom-pauvo, near Escondido.
Ngorivo, near the headwaters of San Luis Rey River.
Pa'auw, near Ta'i. Paiahche, on Elsinore Lake.
Pala, at Pala.
Palamai, on the coast between Buena Vista and Agua Hedionda Creeks.
Panakare, north of Escondido.
Pashkwo, near the headwaters of San Luis Rey River.
Paumo, east of Pala.
Pu-chorivo, on the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Saumai, south of the middle course of San Luis Rey River.
Shakishmai (Luisefio or Dieguefio), on the boundary line between the two
peoples.
Shikapa, west of Escondido.
Sovovo, east of San Jacinto.
Taghanashpa, east of Pala.
Takwi, at the head of Santa Margarita River.
Takwishpo-shapila, near Palomar Mountain.
Ta'i, close to Palomar Mountain.
Tapomai, north of Katukto. Temeku, east
of Temecula.
Tomkav, west of Pala.
Ushmai. near the mouth of Santa Margarita River.
Wahaumai, on San Luis Rey River above San Luis Rey.
Wiawio, at the mouth of San Luis Rey River.
Wissamai, east of San Luis Rey.
Woshha, near the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Yami, near Huyulkum.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates 4,000 to be a liberally allowed
maximum for the Luiseno in 1770. The United States Indian Office returned
over 2,500 in 1856; 1,300 in 1870; 1,150 in 1885; and in recent returns,
less than 500. (See Alliklik.)
Mattole. Perhaps from the name of a village. Also called:
Tul'bush,
Wailaki name, meaning "foreigners."
Connections. The Mattole constitute one of the primary divisions of those
Indians of the Athapascan stock living in California.
Location. On Bear River and Mattole River drainages; also on a few miles
of Eel River and its Van Dusen Fork immediately above the Wiyot.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates that there were 500 Mattole in 1770;
the census of 1910 returned 34, including 10 full-bloods. (See
Bear River
Indians.)
Modoc. This tribe extended into the northern part of the
State. (See Oregon.)
Mohave. The Mohave occupied some territory in the neighborhood of the
Colorado River. (See Arizona.)
Nicoleño. From San Nicolas, the most eastward of the Santa Barbara
Islands.
Connections. They belonged to the Shoshonean Division of the Uto-Aztecan
linguistic stock, but their more immediate affiliations are uncertain.
Location. On the island above mentioned.
Population. Kroeber (1925) gives an estimate of their population in
conjunction with the Gabrielino and Fernandeno. (See also
Alliklik.)
Nongatl. Significance unknown. Also called:
Saia, by the Hupa, along with other Athapascans to the south; meaning "far
off."
Connections. The Nongatl belonged to the Athapascan linguistic family and
were closely connected with the Lassik.
Location. In the territory drained by three right-hand affluents
of Eel River, Yager Creek, Van Dusen Fork, and Larrabee Creek and on the upper
waters of Mad River.
Population. The Nongatl were estimated by Kroeber (1925) to number in
1770, along with the Sinkyone and Lassik, 2,000, and 100 in 1910. (See
Bear River Indians.)
Connections. The Okwanuchu belonged to the Shastan Division of the Hokan
linguistic stock.
Location. On the upper Sacramento from about the vicinity of Salt and
Boulder Creeks to its headwaters; also on the McCloud River and Squaw
Creek from about their junction up.
Paiute, Northern. The Northern Paiute occupied part of the Sierra in the
southeastern part of the State and the desert country east of it and also
a strip of land in the extreme northeast. (See Nevada.)
Salinan. From Salinas River which drains most of their
territory.
Connections. Formerly considered a distinct linguistic stock,
they are now connected with the Hokan linguistic family.
Location. From the headwaters of the Salinas, or perhaps only from the
vicinity of the Santa Margarita Divide, north to Santa Lucia Peak and an
unknown point in the valley somewhere south of Soledad; and from the sea
presumably to the main crest of the Coast
Range.
Subdivisions
On linguistic grounds the Salinan have been divided into the San Miguel
Salinas on the upper course of Salinas River, the San Antonio Salinas
below the preceding to Costanoan territory, and the Playano along the
coast.
Villages
San Antonio Division:
Chahomesh, at the head of San Antonio River.
Chohwahl, near the mouth of
San Antonio River.
Chukilin, at the head of Nacimiento Creek.
Holamna
Jolon, southeast of San Antonio Mission.
Nasihl Pleyto, on lower San
Antonio River.
Sapewis, below the preceding.
Skotitoki, north of San Antonio Mission.
Tesospek, on San Antonio River above San Antonio Mission.
Tetachoya Ojitos,
on lower San Antonio River.
San Miguel Division:
Cholame, probably on Cholame Creek or at the mouth of Estrella Creek.
Teshaumis, on the upper course of Cholame Creek.
Teshaya, at San Miguel
Mission.
Trolole, near Cholame or near Santa Margarita.
Playano:
Ehmahl, located conjecturally near Lucia.
Lema, perhaps lower down the coast than the preceding.
Ma'tihl'she,
located conjecturally still farther south.
Tsilakaka, placed conjecturally
near San Simeon.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates that there may have been 3,000
Salinan in 1770 but that 2,000 is a safer estimate; about 40 remain. The
census of 1910 returned 16; that of 1930, none.
Serrano. A Spanish word, meaning "mountaineers." Also called:
Banumints, Chemehuevi name.
Ców-ang-a-chem, own name (Barrows 1900).
Cuabajái, applied by Mohave to those about Tejon Creek.
Genigueches, by Games in 1776.
Gikidanum, or Gitanemuk, Serrano of upper Tejon and Paso Creeks in the San
Joaquin Valley drainage.
Hanakwiche, by some Yuman tribes.
Hanyuveche, Mohave name.
Kaiviat-am, given by a native as their own name, from kai-ch, "mountain."
Kuvahaivima, Mohave name for those about Tejon Creek.
Marangakh, by their southern and other neighbors.
Marayam, Luisefio name.
Mayintalap, southern Yokuts name for Serrano of upper Tejon, Paso, and
possibly Pastoria Creeks, meaning "large bows."
Möhineyam, name for themselves, given by Mohave River Serrano.
Panumits, Chemehuevi name for Serrano north of the San Bernardino
Range,
toward Tehachapi Mountains.
Pitanta, Chemehuevi name for those
Serrano north of San Bernardino Range in
Mohave Desert and on Tejon Creek.
Takhtam, by Gatschet (in Wheeler Surv., vol. 7, p. 413, 1879), meaning
"men."
Tamankamyam, by the related Aguas Calientes.
Witanghatal, Tubatulabal name for the Tejon Creek Serrano.
Connections. The Serrano belonged to the Shoshonean Division of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Location. In the San Bernardino Range; a tract of unknown extent
northward; the San Gabriel Mountains or Sierra Madre west to Mount San
Antonio; and probably a tract of fertile lowland south
of the Sierra Madre, from about Cucamonga east to above Mentone and as far
as San Gorgonio Pass.
Villages
The following place names have been recorded and many of these probably
were names of villages:
Acha-va-t, east of Bear Lake.
Aka-va-t, west of Banning.
Arhangk, near
Colton.
Atan-pa-t, northeast of Acha-va-t. Hikavanu-t, west of Colton.
Hisaku-pa,
on the outlet of Bear Lake.
Hunga-va-t, in San Timotec Canyon.
Kayah-pia-t, at Bear Lake.
Kotaina-t, on Santa Ana River east of San Bernardino.
Malki, northeast of Banning.
Maronga, on Morongo Creek.
Musku-pia-bit, northwest of San Bernardino.
Nilengli, near San Bernardino Peak.
Nanamu-vya-t, at the head of Mohave
River.
Padjiidjii-t, at the head of Mohave River.
Puwipuwi, near San Gorgonio Mountain.
Toloka-bi, in San Timoteo Canyon.
Wacha-vak, where San Timoteo Canyon comes out on Santa Ana River.
Wahinu-t,
in Cajon Canyon.
Yamiwu, perhaps Cahuilla, north of San Jacinto Peak.
Population. Kroeber gives 1,500 Serrano as an ample allowance in
aboriginal times; the census of 1910 returned 118. (See
Alliklik.)
Shasta. Probably from a chief called Sasti. Also called:
Ekpimi, Ilmawi name.
Mashukhara, Karok name.
Wulx, Takelma name, meaning "enemies."
Connections. The Shasta constituted part of the Shastan division
of the Hokan linguistic stock.
Location. On Klamath River from a point between Indian and
Thompson Creeks to a spot a few miles above the mouth of Fall Creek; also
the drainage areas of two tributaries of the Klamath. Scott River and
Shasta River, and a tract on the north side of the Siskiyous in Oregon on
the affluents of Rogue River known as Stewart River and Little Butte
Creek.
Subdivisions
Ahotireitsu, in Shasta Valley.
Cecilville Indians, about Cecilville; they spoke a distinct dialect; the
Indians
called by Merriam (1926) Haldokehewuk.
Iruaitsu, in Scott Valley.
Kahosadi, on the affluents of Rogue River.
Kammatwa or Wiruhikwairuk'a, on Klamath River.
The term New River Shasta is incorrectly used since there were no Shasta
on
New River.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates that there were about 2,000 Shasta in
1770; in 1910 there were only about 100. The entire Shastan stock numbered
844 according to the returns of the 1930 census, and in 1937, 418 "Pit
River" Indians were enumerated, a portion of this stock.
Connections in which they have become noted. Mount Shasta, Shasta County,
and a place in the county preserve the name of the Shasta Indians.
Sinkyone. From Sinkyo, the name of the South Fork of Eel River.
Connections. The Sinkyone were one of the tribes of the southern
California group of the Athapascan family.
Location. On the South Fork of Eel River and its branches and the adjacent
coast from near Four Mile Creek to Usal Lagoon.
Land Areas.
(Given by native informants to Nomland (1935) instead of villages)
Anse'ntakuk, the land south of Briceland.
Chashinguk, the ridge north of Briceland.
Senke'kuk, to the South Fork from Garberville.
Shusashish'ha, the region north of Garberville.
Totro'be, the land around Briceland.
Yenekuk, an area southeast of Briceland.
Yese', coast area to the Mattole boundary at Four Mile Creek.
Yese'kuk,
the Mattole River area.
Tolowa. So-called by the
Yurok. Also called:
Aqusta, by Dorsey (MS.), meaning "southern language," Naltunnetunne name.
Lagoons, by Heintzleman (in Ind. Aff. Rep., 1857, p. 392; 1858).
Lopas, by
Heintzleman (op. cit.).
Connections. The Tolowa constituted one of the divisions into which the
California peoples of the Athapascan linguistic stock are divided, but
they were closely connected with the Athapascan tribes of Oregon
immediately to the north.
Location. On Crescent Bay, Lake Earl, and Smith River.
Villages.
(According to Drucker, 1937)
Etcūlet, at end of point in Lake Earl.
Ha'tsahothwut, long abandoned site.
Kehoslī'hwut, on east bank, lower course of Smith River.
Mestlte'tltun, on
Crescent Bay.
Mi'litcuntun, on middle course of Smith River.
Mu'nsontun, on east bank,
on lower course of Smith River.
Munshrī'na taso', long abandoned site.
Muslye', on North Fork of Smith River.
Na'kutat, a suburb of Tatitun,
Numore'tun, long abandoned site.
Sitragī'tum, on the west bank of Smith River below Mill Creek.
Ta'gestlsatun, on coast at mouth of Wilson Creek, mixed with Yurok.
Ta'tatun, on Crescent Bay.
Tati'tun, on shore of Crescent Bay near north end.
Tcestu'mtun, on South
Fork of Smith River.
Tcunsu'tltun, on east bank of Smith River at mouth of Mill Creek.
Te'nitcuntun, between North and South Forks of Smith River at junction.
Tltru'ome, on Crescent Bay toward south end.
Tro'let, a small suburb of
Yotokut near mouth of Smith River.
Tunme'tun, on a small branch of the
North Fork of Smith River.
Tushroshku'shtun, on peninsula between two arms
of Lake Earl.
Yoto'kut, on coast south of mouth of Smith River.
Population. Kroeber estimates "well under" 1,000 Tolowa in 1770 and
indicates a possible modification to 450; the census of 1910 returned 121. In 1930 the "Oregon Athapascans," including
the Totowa, were reported to number 504.
Tübatulabal. A Shoshonean word meaning "pine-nut eaters." Also
called :
Bahkanapul or Pahkanap]l, own name, said to refer to all those who speak
their language.
Kern River Indians, popular name.
Pitanisha, the usual Yokuts name, from Pitani-u, the place-name of the
forks of Kern River.
Wateknasi, by Yokuts, meaning "pine-nut eaters."
Connections. Under the name of Kern River Shoshoneans, the Tubatulabal are
given a position as one of the major divisions of the Shoshonean branch of
the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family.
Location. In the upper part of the valley of Kern River.
Subdivisions.
Bankalachi, on west slopes of Greenhorn Mountains. Palagewan, on Kern
River above mouth of South Fork. Tubatulabal, on lower reaches of South
Fork of Kern River.
Villages.
E. W. Voegelin (1938) gives the following:
Palagewan sites:
Holit, near mouth of Bull Run Creek, SW. quar., sec. 4, T. 25 S., R. 33 E.
Pashgeshtap, at hot spring on east edge of Hot Springs Valley, SE. quar.,
sec.
31, T. 26 S., R. 33 E.
Tcuhkayl, at hot springs in foothills, SE. quar. sec. 26, T. 25 S., R. 33
E.
Tubatulabal sites:
Hahalam, South Fork Kern River, NW. quar., sec. 16, T. 26 S., R. 34 E.
Kolokum, near springs on Fay Creek, NE. quar., sec. 22, T. 25 S., R. 34 E.
Omomfp,
(1) on north bank of South Fork Kern River, NW. quar., sec. 3, T.
26 S., R. 35 E.
(2), north bank of South Fork of Kern River, SW., quar.,
sec. 4, T. 26 S., R. 35 E.
Padazhap, below and above spring, in
foothills south of South Fork Valley,
SW. quar., sec. 31, T. 26 S., R. 34 E.
Tcebunun, south bank of South Fork of Kern River, SW. quar.,
sec. 35, T. 25
S., R. 35 E.
Tushpan, on floor of South Fork Valley, SW. quar., sec. 14, T. 26 S., R.
34 E.
Umubflap, below spring on flat, near west end of South Fork Valley,
SE. quar.,
sec. 12, T. 26 S., R. 33 E.
Uupulap, on flat west side of South Fork of Kern River, NW. quar., sec.
24,
T. 25 S., R. 35 E.
Yftiyamup, at springs in foothills, north edge of South Fork Valley, SE.
quar.,
sec. 35, T. 25 S., R. 34 E.
Yowolup, at spring on floor of South Fork Valley.
Name unknown, on South Fork of Kern River, NE. quar., sec. 18, T. 26 S.,
R. 34 E.
History. From the specialization of their language, Kroeber (1925)
inferred that these people had occupied their country for a long time
but later researches by Whorf (1935) make this less certain. The first
white person to visit them was Father Garces in 1776 and during the next
50 years they were brought in contact with the San Buenaventura Mission,
founded in 1782 near Ventura. By 1846 white settlers had established
ranches in South Fork Valley, and in 1857 the Kern River gold rush began
in Palagewan territory. During 1862 a few Tubatulabal joined the Owens
Valley Paiute in hostilities against the Whites, and about this time a
group of Koso Indians settled in the Tubatulabal area, intermarrying
chiefly with the Kawaiisu, however. In 1863, 35–40 Tubatulabal and
Palagewan men were massacred near Kernville by American soldiers. Between
1865 and 1875 the Tubatulabal began to practice agriculture and in 1893
the majority of them and a few Palagewan survivors were allotted land in
South Fork and Kern Valleys.
Population. Kroeber (1925) makes an estimate of 1,000 Tubatulabal for the
year 1770 but Voegelin (1938) regards this as "probably too high." Henley
in 1854 gives a figure of 100 which seems to apply to the Tubatulabal and
Palagewan Bands, but Voegelin points out that it may be necessary to
double this on account of a band temporarily absent from the country, and
the same writer estimates that Henley indicates a band of perhaps 50 which
may have been the Bankalachi. A village site estimate obtained by Voegelin
(1938) from native informants suggested a total about 1855–60 of 228
Tubatulabal, and 65 Palagewan, or 293 combined. An estimate for 1863 based
on the total of adult males indicates a population of 220. The United
States Census of 1910 returned 105 and a field census taken by Voegelin in
1832 including all mixtures, 145.
Vanyume. Name applied by the Mohave; significance unknown, though it is
probably related to the term Panamint given to the Koso.
Connections. The Vanyume belonged to the Shoshonean Division of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, their closest connections being probably
with the Kitanemuk, and secondly with the Serrano.
Location. On Mohave River.
Population. (See
Alliklik.) They are now extinct as a tribe.
Wailaki. A Wintun word meaning "north language," applied to other Wintun
groups and to some foreign groups. Also called:
Kak'-wits, Yuki name,
meaning "northern people."
Connections. The Waitaki belonged to the Athapascan linguistic stock and
to the southern California group.
Location. On Eel River from the Lassik territory to the Big Bend, several affluents on the west side, Kekawaka Creek on the east side, and the whole
of the North Fork except the head.
Subdivisions and Village Communities
On main Eel River:
Sehlchikyo-kaiya, on the east side, Big Bend Creek to McDonald Creek.
Ninkannich-kaiya, opposite Sehlchikyo-kaiya.
Nehlchikyo-kaiya, on the east side downstream to the mouth of North Fork.
Sehlchikyo-kaiya, on the east side downstream. Tatisho-kaiya, on the west
side
opposite the mouth of North Fork.
Bas-kaiya, on the east side below Sehlchikyo-kaiya.
Sla-kaiya, on the east
side below Bas-kaiya.
Chisko-kaiya, on the east side below Sla-kaiya.
Seta-kaiya, on the west side below Tatisho-kaiya.
Kaikiche-kaiya, on the
west side below Seta-kaiya.
Dahlso-kaiya, Set'ahlchicho-kaiya, K'andang-kaiya, in order downstream on
the west side.
Ihikodang-kaiya, on the west side below Chisko-kaiya.
Kasnaikot-kaiya, on
the east side at the mouth of Kakawaka Creek.
On the lower part of North Fork:
Setandong-kiyahang, Secho-kiyahang, Kaiye-kiyahang—in
order upstream.
Higher up North Fork:
T'odannang-kiyahang, on the North Fork below Hull Creek.
T'okyah-kiyahang,
upstream on North Fork.
Chokot-kiyahang, on and above Red Mountain Creek.
Ch'i'ankot-kiyahang, on Jesus Creek.
Population. The Wailaki were estimated by Kroeber (1925) as 1,000 about
1770; they were given as 227 in the census of 1910. (See
Bear River Indians.)
Wappo. An Americanization of Spanish Guapo. "brave," given them on account
of their stubborn resistance to Spanish military aggression. Also called:
Ash-o-chl-mi, a name given by Powers (1877).
Soteomellos or Sotomieyos, names given by Taylor (1860-63).
Connections. The Wappo language constituted a very divergent
form of speech of the Yukian linguistic family.
Location. On the headwaters of Napa River and Pope and Putah
Creeks, and a stretch of Russian River.
Subdivisions and Villages
Following are their dialectic divisions and the villages in each, the
names in italic being principal towns in as many village communities:
Southern Wappo:
Anakota-noma, at St. Helena.
Kaimus, at Yountville.
Tsemanoma, northeast of St. Helena.
Wilikos, near the head of Sonoma Creek.
Central Wappo:
Maiyakama, south of Calistoga.
Melka'wa-hotsa-noma, at site of Middletown, Driver.
Mutistul, between the Napa River and Russian River drainage.
Nihlektsonoma, north of Calistoga.
Tselmenan, north of Calistoga.
Northern Wappo:
Lok-noma, northeast of Middletown.
Petinoma, north of Middletown.
Uyuhanoma, east of Middletown.
Western Wappo:
Ashaben, near Lytton.
Gayechin, near Lytton.
Hol-tcu'kolo, location unknown.
Koloko, on Russian River below Geyserville.
Malalachahl, at Lytton.
Nets-tul, northeast of Tsimitu-tsonoma.
Oso'ynk-eju, west of Russian River and southeast of Geyserville.
Owotel-peti, east of Tsimitutsonoma.
Pipoholma, on Russian River below Geyserville.
Shei-kana, location unknown.
Shimela, on Russian River below Geyserville.
Tsi'mitu-tso-noma, on the east bank of Russian River some miles below
Geyserville.
Tekenan-tso-noma, near Geysers in Sulphur Creek drainage.
Unutsa'wa-holma-noma, north of Tsi'mitu-tso-noma.
Lile'ek Wappo:
Daladan, on Cole Creek.
Kabetsawam, on Cole Creek.
Driver (1939) adds the following names of camp sites, presumably in the
country of the Western Wappo: Halfsh-wah1 k-holma, Ho'lko-mota, Hut-mitul,
Nuya-hotsa, Tcano-nayuk, Ts'awo-tul, Tikomota, Walma-pesite.
Population. Kroeber (1925) estimates 1,000 Wappo in 1770 as a maximum; the
census of 1910 returned 73. (See Yuki.)
Washo. The range of this tribe extended over considerable Californian
territory about the angle in the eastern boundary line of the State. (See
Nevada.)
Whilkut. From Hupa Hoilkut-hoi. Also called: Redwood Indians, the popular
name for them.
Connections. The Whilkut belonged to the Hupa dialectic group of the
Athapascan linguistic family.
Location. On the upper part of Redwood Creek above the Chilula Indians and
Mad River, except in its lowest course, up to the vicinity of Iaqua Butte.
Population. Kroeber (1932) estimates about 500 Whilkut in aboriginal
times; the census of 1910 returned 50 full-bloods and some mixed-bloods.
Wintu. The native word meaning "people." For synonyms see Wintun.
Connections. The Wintu were the northernmost division of the Copehan stock
of Powell, later called Wintun by Kroeber (1932) and now regarded as part
of the Penutian family.
Location. In the valleys of the upper Sacramento and
upper Trinity Rivers north of Cottonwood Creek and extending from Cow
Creek on the east to the South Fork of the Trinity on the west.
Subdivisions
(As given by Du Bois (1935) but placing the native name
first)
Dau-nom, "in-front-of-west" (Bald Hills), a flat
valley area at the foot of the hills
south of Reading and east of the coastal range.
Dau-pom, "in-front-of-place"
(Stillwater), comprising the plateau to the north of
Reading.
Elpom, "shore place" (Keswick),
extending from a point somewhat south of
Kennett on the Sacramento chiefly along the west
bank southward almost to Reading, and including the former Indian
settlements around the mining town of Old Shasta.
Hayfork Wintu, on the Hayfork branch of
Trinity River and on Trinity River
about Junction City, extending also from about
Middletown westward to the South Fork of the Trinity.
Klabalpom (French Gulch), on the upper reaches of Clear Creek.
Nomsus, "west-dwelling" (Upper Trinity), on the East Fork of Trinity River
and
Trinity River proper as far south as Lewiston.
Nomtipom, "west-hillside-place" (Upper
Sacramento), along the precipitous
reaches of the upper Sacramento above Kennett.
Waimuk, "north inhabitant(?)," in the
narrow valley of the upper McCloud
River.
Winimen, "middle-water" (McCloud), in
the McCloud and lower Pit Valleys.
Du Bois (1935) mentions Nomkentcau and Nomkali as two villages in Watson
Gulch.
Wintun. The word for "people" in the northern Wintun dialects.
Also called:
Wawa h, Mono name for all Sacramento River tribes, meaning "strangers."
Xdtukwiwa, Shasta name for a Wintun Indian.
Connections. The Wintun were formerly considered a part of Powell's Copehan stock and the Wintun of Kroeber (1932) but are
now placed in the Penutian family.
Location. On the west side of the Sacramento Valley from the
river up to the coast range, but falling short of this in spots and
ex-tending beyond it in others, and from Cottonwood Creek on the north to
about the latitude of Afton and Stonyford on the south.
Wintun Tribelets
(Generally south to north)
Dahchi'mchini-sel, in a village called Dahchi'mchini
(upstream of Brisco Creek
and 4 miles above Elk Creek).
Toba, reported by Barrett (1919) as a town at the mouth of Brisco Creek.
A tribelet probably located at Tolokai or Doloke (at the mouth of Elk
Creek).
Pomtididi-sel, at the village of Pomtididi (where Grindstone Creek
enters Stony
Creek).
A tribelet at a village called Kalaiel (on the North Fork of Stony Creek).
Soninmak (at a "butte" named Son-porn down Stony Creek).
Pelti-kewel (reported north of preceding by one informant).
A tribelet at the villages of Sohu's-labe (3 or 4 miles south of Fruto)
and
Nome'I-mim-labe (2 or 3 miles farther south still).
Nom-kewel or Nom-laka, with their village, Lo-pom (south of Thomas Creek).
Walti-kewel, with villages called Noitikel, Kenkopol, and Saipanti
(close
together on the north side of Thomas Creek below
Nom-kewel).
Olwenem-wintun, at O'lwenem (near the
mouth of Thomas Creek on the
Sacramento).
A tribelet at Mi'tenek (at Squaw Hill Ferry).
Pelmem-we, at Pelmem (near Vina and the mouth of Deer Creek).
Tehêmet, (at Tehama).
Da-mak (where Redbank Creek comes in below Red Bluff).
Wai-kewel (on Elder Creek).
A tribelet at Chuidau (on the South Fork of Cottonwood Creek).
Population. Kroeber (1932) estimates 12,000 Wintun in 1770 and
about 1,000 in 1910. The census of 1930 returned 512 Wintun, Wintu, and
Wappo.
Wiyot. Properly the name of one of the three Wiyot districts but
extended by most of their neighbors over the whole people. Also called:
Dilwishne, Sinkyone name.
Humboldt Bay Indians, popular term.
Sulatelik, used by the Wiyot to designate their language, and approaching
a tribal designation in its usage.
Wishosk, probably a misapplication of the Wiyot name for their Athapascan
neighbors.
Connections. In the Powellian classification the Wiyot were given an independent position as the Wishoskan stock. Later California
investigators combined them with the Yurok under the name Ritwan but still
later believed that they had established a relationship between them and
the great Algonquian family of the east. This allocation is, however,
questioned by other ethnologists.
Location. On lower Mad River, Humboldt Bay, and lower Eel River.
Subdivisions
Batawat, on lower Mad River.
Wiki, on Humboldt Bay.
Wiyot, on lower Eel River.
Villages
Bimire, on the lower part of Humboldt Bay.
Dakduwaka, or Hiluwitl(?), on the southern point at the entrance to
Humboldt Bay.
Dakwagerawakw, on Eel River.
Dulawat, on an island in Humboldt Bay.
Hakitege (?), at the junction of Eel and Van Duzen Rivers.
Ho'ket CO, near the mouth of Eel River.
Kachewinach (7), on Mad River.
Kotsir (7), at the northern end of Humboldt Bay.
Kumaidada, on Freshwater
Creek.
Legetku (?), at the southern end of Humboldt Bay.
Ma'awor, Yurok name; at
the mouth of Mad River.
Osok, Yurok name; on Mad River,
Potitlik, Cherokigechk, of Pletswak (?), opposite the entrance of Humboldt
Bay.
Tabagaukwa (?), at the mouth of Mad River.
Tabayat or Witki (7), on
Humboldt Bay.
Tokelomigimitl (7), north of Humboldt Bay.
Watsayeriditl
(?), on Eel River.
We'tso (?), on the south side of Mad River.
Wuktlakw (?), on the north
side of Eel River.
Yachwanawach, at the end of Humboldt Bay.
Population. Kroeber (1932) estimates 1,000 Wiyot in 1770 and 100 in 1910.
The census of 1930 gives 236 but probably includes Indians of other
connections.
Connections. The Yahi constituted the southernmost group of the Yanan
division of the Hokan linguistic stock.
Location. On Mill and Deer Creeks.
Villages.
Bushkuina, Tolochuaweyu, and Tuliyani were on or near Mill Creek;
Bopmayhuwi, Gahma, K'andjauha, Puhiya, and Yisch'inna on or near Deer
Creek.
Population. Included in the Yana.
Yana. Meaning "person" in their own language. Also called:
Kom'-bo, Maidu name.
Nó-si or Nó-zi, a name given by Powers (1877).
Tisaiqdji, Ilmawi name.
Connections. The Yana were originally considered an independent linguistic
stock but are now placed in the larger Hokan family.
Location. Including the Yahi, the Yana extended from Pit River to Rock
Creek, and from the edge of the upper Sacramento Valley to the headwaters
of the eastern tributaries of Sacramento River.
Subdivisions
Aside from the Yahi, they embraced three dialectic subdivisions, a northern (on the drainage of Montgomery Creek into Pit River and that of
Cedar Creek, an affluent of Little Crow Creek), a central (the entire Cow
Creek drainage and Bear Creek), and a southern (on Battle, Payne, and
Antelope Creeks and one or two smaller streams).
Villages
Northern Division:
Djewintaurik'u, south of Montgomery.
Djitpamauwid'u, on Cedar Creek.
K'asip'u, south of Round Mountain.
Central Division:
Badjiyu, on Clover Creek.
Ban'ha, inland between the two forks of Cow Creek.
Djichitpemauna, on Bear
Creek.
Hamedamen, at Millville.
Haudulimauna, near the South Fork of Cow Creek.
Hodjinimauna, on the North
Fork of Bear Creek.
Luwaiha, on Old Cow Creek.
Pawi, on Clover Creek.
Pulsu'aina, near the North Fork of Cow Creek.
Ship'a, between Little Cow
Creek and Oak Run.
Unchunaha, between the North Fork of Cow Creek and Clover Creek.
Wamarawi,
west of Shingletown.
Wichuman'na, on the South Fork of Cow Creek.
Southern Division:
K'uwiha, on Battle Creek.
Population. Kroeber (1932) estimates 1,500 Yana in 1770 including the
Yahi, and states that there are less than 40 full and mixed-bloods today,
all of the Northern and Central Divisions. Only 9 appear under the head of Yanan in the census of 1930.
Yuki. Derived from the Wintun language and meaning "stranger," or "foe."
Also called:
Chu-mai-a, Porno name.
Noam-kekhl, Wintun name, meaning "west dwelling," or "western tribe."
Connections.—The Yuki constituted an independent stock called
Yukian.
Location. All the land lying in the drainage of Eel River above
the North Fork, except for a stretch on South Eel River where the allied
Huchnom were situated.
Subdivisions
Huititno'm, on the South Fork of Middle Eel River.
Onkolukomno'm, from the forks of the South Eel River to their sources. Sukshaltatano'm, on the North Fork of Middle Eel River.
Ta'no'm, on main Eel River.
Ukomno'm, about Round Valley on the north side of Middle Fork.
Utitno'm, about the forks made by the Middle and South Eel Rivers.
Witukomno'm, on the south side of Middle Eel River, especially on its
branches.
Villages
The following villages constituted a group in the northern portion of
Round Valley west of the agency: Chochhanuk, Mameshishmo U'wit, Hake, Son,
and there were still others whose names have been forgotten.
There was another group in the northern part of Round Valley east of the
agency and northeast over the hills to include Williams Valley: Porno, in
Round Valley, and, in successive order upstream in Williams Valley,
Mo't-huyup, Kilikot, Lelhaksi, Nonakak, Yukuwaskal, Moyi.
A third group was in the northeastern corner of Round Valley and eastward
to Middle Eel River, as follows: Titwa or Onans, Sonkash, Molkus, (all in
Round Valley), and other villages east of the valley toward the river,
whose names and sites are not known.
The names of six subdivisions of the Ta'no'm are known: Kichilpitno'm,
Kashansichno'm, Pomahanno'm, Mantno'm, Hanchhotno'm, and Ulamolno'm.
Probably these corresponded to the Ukonno'm groups. Names of places are:
Kashanrich, Pomahan, and Hanchhot.
The following names belong to settlements or communities in various parts
of the Yuki territory:
Alniukino'm, in the northwest part of Round Valley.
K'ilikuno'm, in the north or lower end of Eden Valley.
Witukomno'm, a village near the head of Eden Valley.
Sukano'm, Sonlanlno'm, Chakomno'm, and Chahelilno'm, names of parts of a
group of unknown designation, between the Ukomno'm and the Witukomno'm.
Liltamno'm and Nonlachno'm (perhaps synonymous), at Bluenose north or
northeast of Round Valley.
Ukachimno'm, in Poorman's Valley, northeast of Round Valley.
Shipima°ino'm and Kichilukomno'm, in Williams Valley; one of these may be
the name of the second group given above, in Round Valley.
Ma°lchalno'm, at one of the heads of Middle Eel River.
Onkolukomno'm, in Gravelly Valley near Hullville.
Hunkalich, a village near Hullville.
Matamno'm, a group perhaps belonging to the Witukomno'm division.
Population. Kroeber (1932) estimates 2,000 Yuki in 1770; the
census of 1910 returned 95, and that of 1930, 177, including the Yuki,
Coast Yuki, and Huchnom.
Yuki, Coast; or Ukhotno'm. (See Yuki.) The second name is applied to them
by the interior Yuki, signifying "ocean people."
Connections. The Coast
Yuki believe themselves to be an offshoot
from the Huchnom but linguistic examination seems to place them near the
Yuki.
Location. The Pacific coast from Cleone to a point halfway
between Rockport and Usal and inland to the divide between the coast
streams and Eel River.
Villages
These have not been recorded but the following places were probably
inhabited: On the coast from north to south:
On-chil-ka or On-chil-em, beyond Rockport.
Es'im, at Rockport or Hardy Creek.
Melhom-i'iken (Warren Creek).
Hisimel-auhkem (the next creek).
Lil-p'in-kem (De Haven).
Shipep or Shipoi (Westport).
K'etim, Chetman Gulch.
Lilim, Mussel Rock.
Ok'omet or Shipoi; Kabesilah.
Methuyak-olselem (the creek north of Ten Mile River)
Metkuyaki or Metkuyakem (the mouth of Ten Mile River and also the river).
Mil-hot-em (Cleone).
Sus-mel-im, at the mouth of Pudding Creek.
Ol-hepech-kem (Novo River).
Nehkinmelem (Casper).
Onp'otilkei (in Sherwood Valley).
Ukemim (near Willits).
Population. Kroeber (1932) estimates that in 1770 and
1850 there were 500 Coast Yuki; the census of 1910 reported 15. (See
Yuki.)
Yuma. This tribe extended into the extreme southeastern corner of the
State along the Colorado River. (See Arizona.)
Yurok. Signifying "downstream" in the language of the neighboring Karok.
Also called:
Kiruhikwak, by the Shasta of Salmon River.
Weitchpec, a name sometimes locally used, especially in Hupa and Karok
territory, to which Weichpec is at present the nearest Yurok village.
Connections. The Yurok were originally regarded as an independent stock,
later combined with the Wiyot into the Ritwan family, and still later
identified by Kroeber and Sapir as a part of the great Algonquian family
of the east. This last identification has not, however, met with entire
acceptance.
Location. On the lower Klamath River and along the coast to the north and
south of it.
Subdivisions
Two dialects differing but little from each other may be distinguished;
one spoken in the southernmost coast section, the districts of the Big
Lagoon and Trinidad; the other, in the remainder of Yurok territory.
Villages
Ayotl, above the mouth of Blue Creek.
Erner, at the mouth of Blue Creek.
Ertlerger, at the mouth of Trinity River on the west side.
Espau, on the coast north of Redwood Creek.
Hergwer, on Stone Lagoon.
Himetl, on the north side of Klamath River.
Ho'pau, on Klamath River a few miles from the coast.
Keihkem, 2 towns: (1) on Big Lagoon; (2) on the north side of Klamath
River. Kenek, on the south side of Klamath River.
Kenekpul, on the south
side of Klamath River, a short distance below
Kenek. Kepel, on the north
side of Klamath River.
Ko'otep, on the north side of Klamath River.
Lo'olego on the north side of Klamath River above the mouth of the
Trinity.
Ma'ats, on Big Lagoon.
Merip, on the north bank of Klamath River.
Meta, on the south or west bank of Klamath River.
Metskwo, at the mouth of
Little River.
Murekw, on the north bank of Klamath River.
Nagetl, on the south or west side of Klamath River opposite the mouth of
Blue
Creek.
Nohtskum, on the south bank of Klamath River. Omen,
on the coast north of
Klamath River.
Omenhipur, on the coast north of Klamath River.
Opyuweg,
between Big Lagoon and the coast.
Orau, on Redwood Creek.
Orekw, on the south side of Redwood Creek at its mouth.
Osegen, on the coast south of Klamath River.
Oslokw, on the east side of
Big Lagoon.
Otmekwor, on the north side of the mouth of Redwood Creek.
Otsepor, on the south side of Klamath River below the mouth of Bluff
Creek. Otwego, on the south side of Klamath River near its mouth.
Pa'ar, near the north end of Big Lagoon.
Pekwan, on the north side of
Klamath River.
Pekwututl, on the south side of Klamath River at the mouth of the Trinity.
Rekwoi, on the north side of the mouth of Klamath River.
Sa'a, on the south side of Klamath River.
Sa'aitl, on the north side of Klamath River some miles above its mouth.
Serper, on the north side of Klamath River.
Sregon, on the north or east
side of Klamath River.
Tlemekwetl, on the north side of Klamath River below Blue Creek.
Tmeri, just below Requa.
Tsahpekw, on the west side of Stone Lagoon.
Tsetskwi, on the north or east
side of Klamath River.
Tsotskwi, near the south end of Stone Lagoon.
Tsurau, near Trinidad.
Turip, on the south side of Klamath River a few miles from the coast.
Wa'asel, on the north side of Klamath River.
Wahsekw, on the north or east side of Klamath River below Weitchpeg.
Weitspus, opposite the mouth of Trinity River.
Wetlkwau, on the south side
of the mouth of Klamath River.
Wohkel, on the south side of Klamath River a short distance above its
mouth. Wohkero, on the north side of Klamath River.
Wohtek, close to the
preceding.
Yohter, on the south or west side of Klamath River.
Population. Kroeber (1932) estimates 2,500 Yurok in 1770; the census of
1910 returned 668, and that of 1930, 471.
