While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Apache.
Bands of Apache occupied the Gila River region in Arizona within historic
times and periodically overran much of the territory of the State. (See
New Mexico.)
Connections. The Cocopa
belong to the Yuman linguistic family, a branch of the Hokan stock.
Location. About the mouth
of Colorado River. (See also Mexico.)
Subdivisions. River
Cocopa and Mountain Cocopa. Cuculato and Llagas are also mentioned, the
latter a name applied by the Spaniards to a group of villages.
Villages
Gifford (1923) reports as follows: "Settlement sites on
West bank of Colorado from Hardy confluence North (when river flowed near
Colonia Lerdo):
1, A'u'ewawa;
2, Kwinyakwa'a;
3, Yishiyul, settlement of Halyikwamai in 1848;
4, Heyauwah, 5 miles N. of Yishiyul and opposite Colonia Lerdo (8 hours'
slow walk from Colorado-Hardy confluence);
5, Amanyochilibuh;
6, Esinyamapawhai (Noche Buena of the Mexicans)." There was also a town
called Hauwala below or above No. 5.
"Settlement sites on West bank of Hardy from confluence
North:
1, Karukhap;
2, Awiahamoka;
3, Nümischapsakal;
4, EweshespiL;
5, Tamanikwawa, (meaning `mullet (tamanik) place') on lagoon 4 or 5 miles
SE of Cocopah mts;
6, awikukapa (Cocopa mt.);
10, WeLsuL;
11, Awisinyai, northernmost Cocopa village, about 5 miles S. of Mexicali.
"Lumholtz (p. 251) lists following Cocopa settlements in
the first decade of 20th century; Noche Buena (20 families), Mexical
(40–50 families), Pescador (15 families), Pozo Vicente (more than 100
families)."
History. Without question
this tribe was first met by Hernando de Alarcón
in 1540. They are mentioned by 'Dilate in 1604-5, by Kino in 1701—2 under
the name "Hogiopas," and by Francisco Games in 1776. Most of their
territory was outside of the limits of the United States, but a small part
of it passed under United States Government control with the Gadsden
Purchase. Those Cocopa who remained on the northern side of the
International Boundary were placed on the Colorado River Reservation.
Population. Garcés
estimated 3,000 in 1776. In 1857 Heintzelman placed the former strength of
the tribe at about 300 warriors. There are now said to be 800 in northern
Baja California. There were 99 in the United States in 1930, and 41 in
1937.
Connections. The
Halchidhoma belonged to the Yuman branch of the Hokan linguistic stock and
are said to have spoken the same language as the Yuma tribe and to have
been closely connected also with the Maricopa.
Location. At various
points on the Colorado River near the mouth of the Gila. (See also
California.)
Villages
Asumpción, a
group of villages on or near the Colorado River, in California,
more than 50 miles below the mouth of Bill Williams
Fork.
Lagrimas de San Pedro, a group of
villages in the neighborhood of Asumpción.
San Antonio, in the same general location as Lagrimas but only 35 or
40 miles
below the mouth of Bill Williams Fork.
Santa Coleta, a group of villages in
the same region as Asumpci6n and Lagrimas
de San Pedro.
History. The Halchidhoma
were probably encountered by Alarcon in 1540, though he does not mention
them. In 1604—5 Orate found them occupying eight villages on the Colorado
below the mouth of the Gila; Father Eusebio Kino in 1701—2 came upon them
above the Gila, and by Garces' time (1776) their villages were scattered
on both sides of the Colorado, beginning about 38 miles below Bill
Williams' Fork and extending the same distance downstream. Later they
moved farther north, along with the Kohuana, but were soon forced
downstream again by the Mohave and ultimately took refuge with the
Maricopa on Gila River, by whom they were ultimately absorbed.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates 3,000 in 1680, but this is evidently based on Garces' figure of
2,500 in 1776, which Kroeber (1920) believes much too high. Kroeber
suggests about 1,000 as of the year 1770.
Halyikwamai.
Significance unknown. Also spelled Jallicumay, Quigyuma, Tlalliguamayas,
Kikima(by Mason, 1940), and in various other ways.
Connections. The
Halyikwamai belonged to the Yuman linguistic stock, their dialect being
reported as close to Cocopa and Kohuana.
Location. (See History.)
Villages
Presentation, probably Quigyuma, on the west side of
the Colorado River, in
Baja California.
San Casimiro, probably on the east bank
of the Colorado River, above
tidewater, in northwest Sonora, Mexico.
San Felix de Valois, apparently on the
east bank of the Rio Colorado, between
its mouth and the junction of the Gila, probably
about the present Arizona-Sonora boundary line.
San Rudesindo, probably on the east
bank of the Colorado River, just above its
mouth, in northwestern Sonora, Mexico.
Santa Rosa, a group of villages on the
eastern side of the lower Rio Colorado,
about latitude 32°18' N., in northwestern Sonora,
Mexico.
History. The Halyikwamai
were discovered in 1540 by Alarcon, who calls them Quicama. In 1604—5
Orate found them in villages on the Colorado River below the mouth of the
Gila River and above the Cocopa Indians. In 1762 they dwelt in a fertile
plain, 10 or 12 leagues in length, on the eastern bank of the Colorado,
and here they were found by Father Garcés
in 1771 in a group of villages which he named Santa Rosa. By 1775, when he
revisited the tribe, they had moved to the west side of the river, their
first villages on the north being in the vicinity of Ogden's Landing,
about latitude 32°18' N., adjacent to the Kohuana. It is probable that
they were finally absorbed by the Cocopa or some other Yuman people.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates a population for the
Halyikwamai in 1680 of 2,000, which is Garces' estimate in 1775. Orate
estimated 4,000—5,000 in 1605, but all of these figures are probably much
too high.
Havasupai. Signifying
"blue (or green) water people," abbreviated into Supai. Also called:
Ăk'-ba-sū0pai,
Walapai form of name.
Ka'nfna, Coconino, Cosnino, Kokonino, Zuni name said to have been
borrowed from the Hopi and to signify "pinon nut
people."
Nation of the Willows, so called by
Cushing.
Yabipai Jabesua, so called by Garces in 1776.
Connections. The
Havasupai belong to the Yuman branch of the Hokan linguistic stock, being
most closely connected with the Walapai, and next with the Yavapai.
Location. They
occupy Cataract Canyon of the Colorado River, northwestern Arizona.
History. The nucleus of
the Havasupai Tribe is believed to have come from the Walapai. The Cosnino
caves on the upper Rio Verde, near the northern edge of Tonto Basin,
central Arizona, were named for them, from a traditional former occupancy.
Garces may have met some of these Indians in 1776, but definite notices of
them seem to be lacking until about the middle of the last century. Leroux
(1888) appears to have met one of this tribe in 1851, and since then they
have come increasingly to the knowledge of the Whites.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates about 300 Havasupai in 1680, but Spier (1928) believes this
figure somewhat too high. In 1869, 300 were reported; in 1902, 233; in
1905, 174; in 1910, 174; and in 1923, 184. In 1930, with the Walapai and
Yavapai, they numbered 646. In 1937 the number estimated was 208.
Hopi. Contracted from their own
name H6pitu, "peaceful ones," or H6pitu-shinumu, "peaceful all people."
Also called:
A-ar-ke, or E-ar'-ke, Apache name, signifying "live
high up on top of the
mesas."
Ah-mo-kfii, Zuni name.
Ai-yah-kfn-nee, Navaho name.
A'-mu-kwi-kwe, Zuni name, signifying "smallpox people."
Asay or Osay, by Bustamante and Gallegos (1582).
Bokeaf, Sandia Tiwa name.
Buhk'herk, Isleta Tiwa name for Tusayan.
Bukin, Islets name for the people.
Eyanini dine, Navaho name (Gatschet).
Hapeka, a Zuni name, referring to excrement.
Joso, Tewa name.
Khoso, Santa Clara name.
Kosho, Hano Tewa name.
K'o-so-o, San Ildefonso Tewa name.
Maastoetsjkwe, given by Ten Kate, signifying "the land of Masawe,"
god of the
earth, given as the name of their country.
Mastutc'kwe, same as preceding.
Moki, signifying "dead" in their own language, but probably from
some other,
perhaps a Keresan dialect.
Topin-keua, said to be a Zuni name of
which Tontonteac is a corruption.
Tusayan, name of the province in which the Hopi lived, from Zuni
Usayakue,
"people of Usaya," Usaya referring to two of the
largest Hopi villages.
Whiwunai, Sandia Tiwa name.
Connections. The Hopi
constitute a peculiar dialectic division of the Shoshonean branch of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic family, and they are the only Shoshonean people, so
far as known, who ever took on a Pueblo culture, though the Tanoans are
suspected of a remote Shoshonean relationship.
Location. On Three Mesas
in northeastern Arizona.
Towns
Awatobi (destroyed), on a mesa about 9 miles
southeast of Walpi.
Hano, occupied by Tewa (see Tewa Pueblos under New Mexico).
Homolobi, near Winslow, was formerly occupied by the ancestors of
various
Hopi clans.
Kisakobi, at the northwest base of the
East Mesa.
Kuchaptuvela, on the terrace of the First or East Mesa below the
present Walpi
village.
Mishongnovi, on the Second or Middle
Mesa.
Moenkapi, about 40 miles northwest of Oraibi, a farming village of
Oraibi.
Oraibi, on the Third or West Mesa.
Shipaulovi, on the Second or Middle Mesa.
Shongopovi, on the Second or Middle Mesa.
Sichomovi, on the First or East Mesa.
Walpi, on the First or East Mesa.
Kisatobi and Kuchaptuvela were successively occupied by the
ancestors of the
Walpi before the later Walpi was built.
History. According to
tradition, the Hopi are made up of peoples who came from the north, east,
and south. Their first contact with Europeans was in 1540, when Coronado,
then at Zuni, sent Pedro de Tobar and Fray Juan de Padilla to visit them.
They were visited by Antonio de Espejo in 1583, and in 1598 Juan de (Mate,
governor and colonizer of New Mexico, made them swear fealty and vassalage
to the King of Spain. In 1629 a Franciscan mission was established at
Awatobi, followed by others at Walpi, Shongopovi, Mishongnovi, and Oraibi.
These were destroyed in the general Pueblo outbreak of 1680, and an
attempt to reestablish a mission at Awatobi in 1700 led to its destruction
by the other pueblos. The pueblos of Walpi, Mishongnovi, and Shongopovi,
then situated in the foothills, were probably abandoned about the time of
the rebellion, and new villages were built on the adjacent mesas for
defense against a possible Spanish attack which did not materialize. After
the reconquest of the Rio Grande pueblos by Vargas, some of the people who
formerly occupied them fled to the Hopi and built a pueblo called Payupki
on the Middle Mesa. About the middle of the eighteenth century, however,
they were taken back and settled in Sandia. About 1700 Hano was
established on the East Mesa, near Walpi, by Tewa from near Abiquiu, N.
Mex., on the invitation of the Walpians. About the time when the Payupki
people returned to their old homes, Sichomovi was built on the First Mesa
by clans from the Rio Grande, and Shipaulovi was founded by a colony from
Shongopovi. The present Hopi Reservation was set aside ;' Executive order
on December 16, 1882.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates a Hopi population of 2,800 in 1680. In 1890 the population of
Oraibi was 905, and in 1900 the other pueblos (exclusive of Hano) had 919.
In 1904 the total Hopi population was officially given as 1,878. The
Census of 1910 re-turned 2,009, apparently including Hano, and the Report
of the United States Indian Office for 1923 gave 2,336. The United States
Census of 1930 returned 2,752. In 1937 there were 3,248, including the
Tewan Hano.
Connections in which they
have become noted. The Hopi are noted as a tribe Shoshonean in
language but Puebloan in culture, and also deserve consideration as one of
the Pueblo divisions to which particular attention has been paid by
ethnologists, including Fewkes, the Stevensons, Hough, Voth, Forde, Lowie,
etc. Great popular attention has been drawn to them on account of the
spectacular character of the Snake Dance held every 2 years.
Kohuana. Significance
unknown. Also given as Cajuenche, Cawina, and Quokim.
Connections. The Kohuana
belonged to the Yuman branch of the Hokan linguistic stock, spoke the
Cocopa dialect, and were also closely connected with the Halyikwamai.
Location. In 1775–76 the
Kohuana lived on the east bank of the Colorado River below the mouth of
the Gila, next to the Ilalyikwamai, their villages extending south to
about latitude 32°33' N., and into southern California, at about latitude
33°08' N., next to the eastern Diegueno. (See also Mexico.)
Villages
Merced, a group of rancherias in northeastern Baja
California, west of the
Colorado and 4 leagues southwest of Santa Olalla, a
Yuma village.
San Jacome, probably Cajuenche, near
the mountains, about latitude 33°8' N.,
in southern California.
San Sebastian, Cajuenche or Dieguefio,
in southern California, latitude 33°8'
N., evidently at Salton Lake.
History. The Kohuana are
the Coana mentioned by Hernando de Alarc6n, who ascended the Colorado
River in 1540. Juan de Onate visited them in 1604-5, and they are probably
the Cutganas of Kino (1701-2), while Francisco Games in 1776 reported that
they were numerous and at enmity with the Cocopa. From Mohave tradition,
it appears that at a somewhat later period they lived along the river near
Parker together with the Halchidhoma, whom they followed to the fertile
bottom lands higher up. Later the Mohave crowded them southward but still
later compelled them to return to the ?Mohave country where they remained
for 5 years. At the end of that period they determined to go downstream
again to live with the Yuma; but, one of their number having been killed
by the Yuma, they joined the Maricopa, with whom they ultimately became
merged.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates that there were 3,000 Kohuana in 1680, the figure given by Games
in 1775-76. Kroeber (1920) believes these estimates are too high. In 1851
Bartlett re-ported 10 of this tribe living with the Maricopa, and,
according to a Mohave informant of Kroeber's, there were 36 about 1883.
Maricopa. Significance of the name unknown.
Also called:
Atchihwa', Yavapai name (Gatschet 1877-92).
Cocomaricopa, an old form.
Cohpap, or Awo-pa-pa, Pima name.
Pipatsje, own name, signifying "people."
Si-ke-na, Apache name for Pima, Papago, and Maricopa, signifying
"living in
sand houses."
Tt'hba, Yavapai name (Gatschet,
1877-92).
Tchihogasat, Havasupai name.
Widshi itikapa, Tonto name, also applied to Pima and Papago.
Connections. The Maricopa
belong to the Yuman linguistic stock, a part of the Hokan family, and are
said to be related most closely to the Yuma tribe proper and the
Halchidhoma.
Location. On Gila
River, with and below the Pima, to the mouth of the river. Anciently they
are said to have had some rancherias in a valley west of the Colorado.
Villages
The following villages were all on the Gila River unless
otherwise specified:
Aicatum.
Amoque.
Aopomue.
Aqui.
Aquimundurech. Aritutoc, on the north
the present Oatman flat and the
Great Bend of the river.
Atiahigui.
Aycate.
Baguiburisac, probably Maricopa, near the Gila River.
Caborh.
Caborica.
Cant, probably Maricopa, not far below the mouth of Salt River.
Choutikwuchik.
Coat, probably Maricopa, location uncertain.
Cocoigui.
Cohate.
Comarchdut.
Cuaburidurch.
Cudurimuitac.
Dueztumac, about 120 miles above the mouth of the Gila.
Gohate.
Guias.
Hinama, its people now on the south bank of Salt River east of the
Mormon settlement of Lehi, Maricopa County.
Hiyayulge.
Hueso Parado, with Pima, on the Pima and Maricopa Reservation.
Khauweshetawes.
Kwatchampedau.
Norchean.
Noscario.
Oitac.
Ojiataibues.
Pipiaca.
Pitaya.
Sacaton, mainly Pima, on the Gila River about 22 miles east of
Maricopa Station.
San Bernadino, at Agua Caliente, near
the Gila River; another place on the river was called by the same
name.
San Geronimo, 20 leagues from Merced
and 27 leagues from the Gila River.
side at or near San Martin, on the Gila River west of
the Great Bend.
San Rafael, probably Maricopa, in southern Arizona.
Sasabac.
Shobotarcham.
Sibagoida, probably Maricopa, location uncertain.
Sibrepue.
Sicoroidag, on the Gila River below Tucsani.
Soenadut.
Stucabitic.
Sudac.
Sudacsasaba.
Tadeovaqui.
Tahapit.
Toil.
Toaedut.
Tota, probably Maricopa.
Tuburch.
Tuburh, location uncertain.
Tubutavia.
Tucavi, perhaps identical with Tucsani. Tucsani.
Tucsasic.
Tuesapit.
Tumac, said to have been the western-most Maricopa village on the
Gila River.
Tuquisan.
Tutomagoidag.
Uitorrum, a group of rancherias on the south bank of the Gila River
not far west of the Great Bend.
Uparch.
Upasoitac, near the Great Bend of the Gila River.
Urchaortac.
Yayahaye.
History. The Maricopa are
thought to have separated from the Yuma and to have moved slowly up the
Colorado River to the lower Gila River; or, as later history would
indicate, they may have been forced into this region by hostile tribes.
They were encountered by Juan de Oñate
in 1604–5, and by Kino in 1701–2. From 1775 until recent times they were
at war with the Yuma, and in 1857, in alliance with the Pima, they
inflicted a severe defeat upon the Yuma near Maricopa Wells. A reservation
was set apart for the Maricopa and Pima by Act of Congress February 28,
1859; it was enlarged by Executive order of August 31, 1876, but was
revoked and other lands were set apart by Executive order of June 14,
1879. This was again enlarged by Executive orders May 5, 1882, and
November 15, 1883. No treaty was ever made with them.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates that there were 2,000 Maricopa in 1680. Venegas (1758) says that
in 1742 there were about 6,000 Pima and "Cocomaricopa" on Gila River, and
in 1775 Garcés estimates a population
of 3,000 Maricopa. In 1905 there were 350 under the Pima School
Superintendent. The census of 1910 gives 386, and the Report of the United
States Indian Office for 1923, 394. The census of 1930 returned 310, and
the Report of the United States
Indian Office of 1937, 339.
Connection in which they have
become noted. The name of the
Maricopa is preserved in that of Maricopa County, Ariz., and in the name
of a post village in Pinal County and another in Kern County, Calif.
Mohave. From a native word "hamakhava,"
referring to the Needles and signifying "three mountains." Also given as
Amojave, Jamajabs. Synonyms are:
Năks'-ăt,
Pima and Papago name.
Soyopas, given by Font (1775).
Tzi-na-ma-a, given as their own name "before they came to the
Colorado
River."
Wamakava, Havasupai name.
Will idahapá, Tulkepaya name.
Connections. The Mohave
belonged to the Yuman linguistic family.
Location. On both sides
of the Colorado River—though chiefly on the east side—between the Needles
and the entrance to Black Canyon.
Villages
Pasion, a group of rancherias on the east
bank of the Colorado, below the present Ft. Mahave.
San Pedro, on or near the west bank of the Colorado, about 8 miles
northwest of Needles, Calif.
Santa Isabel, a group of rancherias situated at or in the vicinity
of the present Needles.
History. Possibly Alarc6n may have reached the
Mohave territory in 1540. At any rate, Oñate
met them in 1604, and in 1775–76 Games found them in the above-named
villages. No treaty was made with them by the United States Government,
but by Act of March 3, 1865, supplemented by Executive orders in 1873,
1874, and 1876, the Colorado River Reservation was established and it was
occupied by the Mohave, Chemehuevi, and Kawia.
Population. Mooney (1928)
gives 3,000 Mohave in 1680, and Kroeber (1925) the same as of 1770, the
estimate made by Gamés in 1775–76.
About 1834 Leroux estimated 4,000. In 1905 their number was officially
given as 1,589, of whom 508 were under the Colorado River School
Superintendent, 856 under the Fort Mohave School Superintendent, 50 under
the San Carlos Agency, and about 175 at Camp McDowell, on the Verde River.
The Indians at Fort Mohave and Camp McDowell, however, were apparently
Yavapai, commonly known as Apache Mohave. The census of 1910 gives 1,058
true Mohave. The United States Indian Office Report for 1923 seems to give
1,840, including Mohave, Mohave Apache, and Chemehuevi. The census of 1930
returned 854, and the Report of the United States Office of Indian Affairs
for 1937, 856.
Connection in which they have
become noted. The name Mohave has been preserved in the designation of
the Mohave Desert and Mohave River in California, and Mohave County,
Ariz., and also in the name of a post-village in Arizona. There is also a
post village named Mojave in Kern County, Calif.
Navaho. The Navaho occupied part of the
northeastern section of Arizona. (See
New Mexico.)
Paiute. The southern or true Paiute occupied
or hunted over some
of the northernmost sections of Arizona. (See
Nevada.)
Quahatika. Significance
unknown. Also spelled Kohatk.
Connections. The
Quahatika belonged to the Piman division of the Uto-Aztecan stock, and
were most closely related to the Pima, of which tribe they are said to
have been a branch.
Location. In the desert
of southern Arizona, 50 miles south of the Gila River.
Villages. The chief
Quahatika settlement is Quijotoa, in the western part of Pima County,
southern Arizona. Early in the eighteenth century they are said to have
shared the village of Aquitun with the Pima. (See
Pima.)
History. The
history of the Quahatika has, in.the main, been parallel with that of the
Pima and Papago (q. v.). They are said to have left Aquitun about 1800,
and to have introduced cattle among the Pima from the Mexicans about 1820.
Population. The Quahatika
seem to have been enumerated with the Pima.
Connections. The
Sobaipuri were intimately connected with, if not a part of, the Papago, of
the Piman division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Location. In the main and
tributary valleys of the San Pedro and Santa Cruz Rivers, between the
mouth of the San Pedro River and the ruins of Casa Grande, and possibly
eastward of this area in southern Arizona.
Villages
Alamos, on Rio Santa Cruz, southern Arizona.
Aribaiba, on the San Pedro River, not far from its junction with the
Gila.
Babisi, probably Sobaipuri, at the southern boundary near Suamca.
Baicadeat, on the San Pedro River, Ariz.
Busse, probably Sobaipuri, apparently on Arivaipa Creek, a tributary
of the San
Pedro, east of old Camp Grant, Ariz.
Camani, probably Sobaipuri, on the Gila River, not far from Casa
Grande, Ariz.
Causac, on the San Pedro.
Comarsuta, on the San Pedro, between its mouth and its junction with
Arivaipa
Creek.
Esqugbaag, probably Sobaipuri, on or near the San Pedro, near the
Arizona-
Sonora boundary.
Guevavi, on the west bank of the Santa Cruz, below Tubac, at or near
the present
Nogales.
Jiaspi, on the western bank of San Pedro, probably near the present
Prospect, Ariz.
Juamalturgo, or Pima, in Arizona south of the ruins of Casa Grande.
Muiva, on the San Pedro, probably near the mouth of Arivaipa Creek.
Ojio, on the eastern bank of the San Pedro River, near its junction
with the Gila
River and not far from the present Dudleyville, Ariz.
Optuabo, probably Sobaipuri, near the present Arizona-Sonora
boundary and
probably in Arizona.
Quiburi, on the western bank of the San Pedro, perhaps not far from
the present
Benson, Ariz.
Quiquiborica, on the Santa Cruz, 6 leagues south of Guevavi, near
the Arizona-Sonora boundary.
Reyes, probably Sobaipuri, on the Santa Cruz, in the present
southern Arizona. San Angelo, near the western bank of the Santa
Cruz, below its mouth, in southern Arizona.
San Clemente, probably Sobaipuri, on the western bank of the Santa
Cruz, north of the present Tucson, Ariz.
San Felipe, at the junction of the Santa Cruz and Gila Rivers.
San Salvador, on the San Pedro River, above Quiburi, southern
Arizona.
San Xavier del Bac, on Santa Cruz, 9 miles south of Tucson in the
northeast corner of what is now the Papago Reservation.
Santa Eulalia, probably Sobaipuri, slightly northwest of Busanic,
just south of the Arizona-Sonora boundary line.
Sonoita, on the Santa Cruz, north of the present Nogales and 7
leagues east north-east of Guevavi.
Suamca, on the headwatersof the Santa Cruz, in the vicinity of
Terrenate, Sonora, Mexico, just below the Arizona-Sonora boundary
line.
Tubo, probably Sobaipuri, apparently on Arivaipa Creek, a tributary
of the San Pedro River, east of old Camp Grant, Ariz.
Tumacacori, probably Sobaipuri, on the Santa Cruz, south of Tubac
and 8 leagues north northwest of Guevavi.
Turisai, probably Sobaipuri, probably on or near the Santa Cruz
River, southern Arizona.
Tusonimon, about 4 leagues west of Casa Grande, near the Gila River.
Tutoida, on the San Pedro, probably between Arivaipa Creek and the
Gila.
History. The Sobaipuri
were visited by Kino, 1694-1702, and missions were established among them,
but at a later period the tribe was broken up by the Apache and seems to
have sought refuge among the Papago, with whom it became merged.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates that there were 600 Sobaipuri in 1680. They are now extinct as
an independent tribe.
Tonto. This name has been applied to a number of distinct groups
of Apache and Yuman peoples. It is said to have been given to a mixture of
Yavapai, Yuma, and Maricopa, with some Pinaleno Apache, placed on the
Verde River Reservation, Ariz., in 1873, and transferred to the San Carlos
Reservation in 1875; also to a body of Indians, descended mostly from
Yavapai men and Pinaleno women. (See New Mexico.)
Walapai. From the native
word Xawálapáiy',
"pine-tree folk" (fide J. P. Harrington. Also called:
E-pa, by A. Hrdlička
(information, 1906), given as their own name.
Gualiba, by Garcés in 1776
(Diary, p. 404, 1900); Yavapai name.
Hawálapai, by Curtis (1907-9,
vol. 2, p. 116).
Jaguallapai, by Garces in 1776 (Diary, p. 308, 1900).
Matávĕkĕ-Paya,
by Corbusier MS. p. 27. Meaning "people to the north"(?) Yavapai
name.
Oohp, by Ten Kate (1885, p. 160), Pima name.
Páxuádo
ameti, by Gatschet (1886, p. 86), meaning "people far down the
river," Yavapai name.
Setá Kóxninăme,
by Ten Kate (1884, p. 9), Hopi name.
Täbkĕpáya—Gatschet
(1883, p. 124), Yavapai name; abbreviated from
Matávĕkĕ-Paya.
Tiqui-Llapais, by Domenech (1860, vol. 1, p. 444).
Connections. The Walapai
belonged to the Yuman branch of the Hokan linguistic stock and were
connected especially closely with the Havasupai, the Yavapai apparently
standing next.
Location. On the middle
course of the Colorado River, above the Mohave Indians, between Sacramento
Wash and National Canyon and inland, extending south almost to Bill
Williams Fork.
Subdivisions and Villages
Kroeber and his collaborators give the following:
A. Mata'va-kopai (north people) (the northwestern
division). Villages: Had-ū'-ba, Hai'ya,
Hathekáva-kió,
Huwuskót, Kahwága,
Kwa'thekithe'i'ta, Mati'bika,
Tanyika";
B. Soto'lve-kopai (west people) (the Cerbat Mountains and the
country west to the Colorado). Villages: Chimethi'ap, Ha-kamuê",
Háka-tovahádja,
Hamté", Ha'thewelī'-kio',
Ivthī'ya-tanakwe, Kenyuā'tci,
Kwatehá, Nyi'ī'ta,
Quwī'-nye-há,
Thawinúya, Waika'ī'la,
Wa-nye-ha', Wi'ka-tavata'va, Wi-kawea'ta, Winya'-ke-tawasa, Wiyakana'mo;
C. Ko'o'u-kopai (mesa people) (north central section) .—Villages:
Crozier (American name), Djiwa'ldja, Hak-tala'kava, Haktutu'deva, Hê'1,
Katha't-nye-ha', Muketega'de, Qwa'ga-we', Sewi", Taki'otha'wa, Wi-kanyo";
D. Nyav-kopai (east people) (east of the point where Truxton Canyon
begins to cut its way down to Hualpai Valley).—Villages: Agwa'da,
Ha'ke-takwī'va, Haksa", Hā'nya-djiluwa'ya,
Tha've-nalnalwi'dje, Wiwakwa'ga, Yiga't;
E. Hakia' tce-pai (?) or Talta'l-kuwa (cane?) (about the Mohon
Mountains).—Villages: Hakeskia'l, Hakia'ch, Ka'nyu'tekwa',
Tha'va-ka-lavala'va, Wi-ka-tāva,
Witevikivol, Witkitana'kwa;
F. Kwe'va-kopai (south people).—Villages: Chivekaha', Djimwā'nsevio",
Ha-djiluwa'ya, Hapu'k, Kwakwa', Kwal-hwa'ta, Kwatha'wa, Tak-mi'nva;
G. Hua'la-pai, Howa'laa-pai (pine people) (at the
northern end of the Hualpai
Mountains, extending in a rough half-circle from east to west.)—Villages:
Hake-djeka'dja, Ilwi'-nya-ha', Kahwa't, Tak-tada'pa.
History. It is possible
that some of the Walapai were encountered by Hernando de Alarcon in 1540,
and at any rate Marcos Farfan de los Godos met them in 1598, and Francisco
Games in 1776. Their history since that time has been little different
from that of the other Yuman tribes of the region.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates that there were 700 Walapai in 1680, but estimates of native
informants regarded by Kroeber and his associates as reliable would give a
population of more than 1,000 previous to 1880. There were 728 in 1889;
631 in 1897; 501 in 1910, according to the census of that year; 440 in
1923; and 449 in 1932; 454 in 1937. (See Havasupai.)
Yavapai. According to the Handbook of
American Indians (Hodge, 1907, 1910), from enyaéva,
"sun," and pai, "people," and thus signifying "people of the sun," but the
southeastern Yavapai interpreted it to mean "crooked-mouth people," that
is, a "sulky" people who do not agree with other peoples (fide Gifford,
1936). Also called:
Apache Mohaves, in Rep. Office Ind. Aff., 1869, p. 92; 1870.
Apaches, by Garcés in 1775-76
(Diary, p. 446, 1900) ; also by Spaniards. Cruzados, by Oñate
in 1598 (Col. Doc. Ined., vol. 16, p. 276, 1864-84).
Dil-zha, by White (MS.); Apache name meaning "Indians living where
there are red ants."
E-nyab-va Pai, by Ewing (1892, p. 203), meaning "sun people" because
they were sun worshipers.
Gohún, by Ten Kate, (1884, p.
5), Apache name.
Har-dil-zhays, by White (1875 MS.), Apache name.
Inya'vapé, by
Harrington (1908, p. 324), Walapai name.
Jum-pys, by Heintzelman, (1857, p. 44)
Kohenins, by Corbusier (1886, p. 276), Apache name.
Ku-we-vĕ-ka pai-ya, by Corbusier
(MS., p. 27); said to be own name, because they live in the south.
Nyavapai, by Corbusier (1886, p. 276).
Taros, by Garcés in 1775-76
(Diary, p. 446, 1900), Pima name.
Yampaos, by Whipple (1856, p. 103).
Connections. The Yavapai
belonged to the Yuman branch of the Hokan linguistic family, their closest
cultural affiliations being with the Havasupai and Walapai.
Location. In western
Arizona from the Pinal and Mazatzal Mountains to the country of the
Halchidhoma and Chemehuevi in the neighborhood of Colorado River and from
Williams and Santa Maria Rivers, including the valleys of the smaller
branches, to the neighbor-hood of the Gila River.
Subdivisions
Gifford gives the following:
A. Kewevikopaya or Southeastern Yavapai, which included
the Walkamepa Band (along the southerly highway from Miami to Phoenix via
Superior), and the Wikedjasapa Band (along the present Apache trail
highway from Phoenix to Miami via Roosevelt Dam). These included the
following exogamous bands: Limited to the Walkamepa Band: Ilihasitumapa
(original home in the Pinal Mountains); limited to the Wikedjasapa Band:
Amahiyukpa (claiming as their homeland the high mountains on the west side
of the Verde River, just north of Lime Creek and directly opposite the
territory of the Yelyuchopa Clan), Atachiopa (who originated in the
mountains west of Cherry), Hakayopa (whose inland homeland was Sunflower
Valley, south of Mazatzal Peak, high in the Mazatzal Mountains, and west
of Fort Reno in the Tonto Basin), Hichapulvapa (whose country was the
Mazatzal Mountains southward from the East Verde River and westward from
North Peak and Mazatzal Peak) ; represented in both bands: Iiwilkamepa
(who considered the mountainous country between the Superstition and Pinal
Mountains as their homeland), Matkawatapa (said to have originated from
intermarriage between people of the Walkamepa Band and Apache from the
Sierra Ancha), Onalkeopa (whose original homeland was in the Mazatzal
Mountains between the lands of the Hichapulvapa and Yelyuchopa clans but
who moved later south into the territory of the Walkamepa Band),
Yelyuchopa (who claimed as their homeland the Mazatzal Mountains between
the territories of the Hakayopa and Hichapulvapa clans). Cuercomache (on
one of the heads of Diamond Creek, near the Grand Canyon of the Colorado)
is given as a village. Amanyikt, was the principal camp site of the
Wikedjasapa south of the Salt River.
B. Yavepe or Northeastern Yavapai, including:
a. Yavepe proper (claiming upper Verde Valley and the mountains
on either side, including the Montezuma National Monument), whose
bands were: Wipukupa (occupying caves in Redrock country, probably
in the region designated as Red Buttes on maps, and descending Oak
Creek to plant maize in certain moist fiats and to gather mesquite
in Verde Valley), Matkitwawipa (people of upper Verde Valley, East
Verde River, Fossil Creek, Clear Creek, ranging south to Cave Creek,
and Walkey-anyanyepa (people of the massif to which Jerome clings).
b. Mat-haupapaya (inhabiting the massif from Prescott to Crown King
and Bumble Bee), and including: Wikutepa (the Granite Peak Band) and
Wikenichapa (the Black Mountains or Crown King Band).
C. Tolkepaya or Western Yavapai, including: Hakupakapa or
Inyokapa (inhabitants of mountains north of Congress); Hakehelapa
Wiltaikapaya (people of Harquahala and Harcuvar Mountains on either side
of Wiltaika (Salome); People's Valley, Kirkland Valley (upper drainage of
Hassayampa Creek near Wickenburg and region around Hillside) ;
Haka-whatapa or Matakwarapa (who formerly lived at La Paz and Castle
Dome).
History. Gifford (1936)
states that "the earliest probable mention" of the Yavapai "is by Luxan of
the Espejo expedition, who in 1582—1583 apparently visited only the
country of the Northeastern Yavapai." In 1598 Marcos Farfan de los Godos
met them and called them Cruzados because they wore small crosses on their
heads, and in 1604 Juan de Oñate also
visited them, as did Father Francisco Games in 1776, after which time
contact with Europeans was pretty regular. They were removed to the Verde
River Agency in May 1873. In 1875 they were placed on the San Carlos
Apache Agency, but by 1900 most of the tribe had settled in part of their
old home on the Verde River, including the abandoned Camp McDowell
Military Reservation, which was assigned to their use, November 27, 1901,
by the Secretary of the Interior, until Congress should take final action.
By Executive Order of September 15, 1903, the old reservation was set
aside for their use, and the claims of the white settlers purchased under
Act of April 21, 1904.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates 600 Yavapai in 1680. Gifford's (1936) estimate would about
double that, though he does not believe they ever exceeded 1500. In 1873
they were said to number about 1,000 and in 1903 between 500 and 600. In
1906, 520 were reported, 465 at Camp McDowell and Upper Verde Valley, and
55 at San Carlos. In 1910, 289 were reported by the Census, but the same
year the Indian Office reported 178 under the Camp McDowell School
Superintendent, 282 under the Camp Verde School, and 89 under the San
Carlos School; total, 549. In 1823 the Indian Office reported 708 under
the Camp Verde School and Salt River Superintendencies. In 1932 the Indian
Office reported only 193, but the "Yuma Apache" would add 24. In 1937
there, were 194.
Connection in which they have
become noted. (See Havasupai.) The name has been perpetuated in that
of Yavapai County, Ariz.
Yuma. Said to be an old Pima and Papago term for
this tribe and in some cases the Kamia and Maricopa also (Forde, 1931).
Also called:
Cetguanes, by Venegas (1759).
Chirumas, an alternative name given by Orozco y Berra (1864).
Club Indians, by Emory (1848).
Cuchan, or, strictly, Kwitcyána,
own name.
Dil-zhay's, Apache name for this tribe and the Tonto and Mohave,
signifying "red soil with red ants" (White, MS.).
Garroteros, by Emory (1848).
Guichyana, Chemehuevi name.
Hatilshe', same as Dil-zhay's.
Húkwats, Paiute name, signifying
"weavers."
Kún, said to be Apache name for
this tribe and the Tulkepaia.
Wamâkava, applied by Havasupai
to Mohave and perhaps to this tribe also.
Connections. The Yuma
were one of the chief tribes of the old Yuman linguistic stock, to which
they have given their name, but their closest immediate relatives were the
Maricopa and Halchidhoma. The Yuman stock is now considered a part of the
larger Hokan family.
Location. On both sides
of the Colorado River next above the Cocopa, or about 50 or 60 miles from
the mouth of the river, at and below the junction of the Gila River, Fort
Yuma being in about the center of their territory. (See also California.)
Villages
Forde (1931) gives the following:
Ahakwedehor (axakweởexor),
about 2 miles northeast of Fort Yuma.
Avikwotapai, some distance south of Parker on the California side of
the Colorado. Huksil (xuksī'l),
along the Colorado River near Pilot Knob, a few miles south of
Algodones and across the International Boundary.
Kwerav (ava'io), about 2 miles south of the present Laguna Dam and
on the California side of the Colorado.
Unnamed town, a little east of the present site of Picacho, at the
foot of the Chocolate Mountains.
History. Neither Alarcon,
who ascended the Colorado River in 1540, nor Ofiate, who visited it in
1604, mentions the Yuma, but in the case of Oñate
this may be accounted for by the fact that these Indians were then living
exclusively on the west side of the river, which he did not reach. The
first explorer to mention them by name seems to have been Father Kino,
1701–2; and Garcés, 1771, and Anza,
1774 and 1775, have a great deal to say about them. Garcés
and Eixarch remained among them in 1775. (See Kino (1726), and Games
(1900).) Most of their territory passed under the control of the United
States by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, and the remainder in
consequence of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. After the founding of Fort
Yuma, contacts between the Whites and this tribe became intimate. Most of
them were ultimately concentrated on the Colorado River and Yuma
Reservations.
Population. Garcés
(1776) estimated that there were 3,000 Yuma, but Anza (see Cones, 1900)
raises this to 3,500. An estimate attributed to M. Leroux dating from
"early in the 19th century," again gives 3,000. According to the Report of
the United States Indian Office for 1910, there were then 655 individuals
belonging to the tribe, but the census of that year gives 834. The Indian
Office figure for 1923 is 826 and that for 1929, 826, but the United
States Census for 1920 increases it very materially, to 2,306. However,
the Report of the Indian Office for 1937 gives only 848.
Connections in which they
have become noted. Besides giving its name to the Yuman stock, the
name Yuma is preserved by counties in Arizona and Colorado; localities in
Yuma County, Ariz.; Yuma County, Colo.; Cloud County, Kans.; Taylor
County, Ky.; Wexford County, Mich.; and Carroll County, Tenn.
